Is a Second Opinion Worth It for Tourette Syndrome? What to Ask Before Changing Treatment

The appointment lasted twelve minutes. Maya’s father had written four questions on the back of a parking ticket and asked none of them, because the neurologist was already standing by the door, prescription in hand, saying the next step was a stronger medicine. Maya, eleven, was busy suppressing a shoulder tic she had been holding in since the waiting room. On the drive home her father kept returning to one thought: is a second opinion for Tourette syndrome something sensible families do, or does it signal distrust?

It is a fair question, and a common one. Tourette syndrome is diagnosed on observation and history rather than a scan or blood test, tics naturally rise and fall over months, and more than eight in ten children with the condition also live with at least one other diagnosis. That combination makes a second look unusually valuable in some situations and unnecessary in others.

This explainer walks through when a fresh review earns its place, what it should actually examine, and which questions to ask before any treatment is changed.

What a second opinion for Tourette syndrome actually involves

A second opinion is a structured review by a clinician who was not involved in the original care, usually a neurologist, pediatric neurologist or psychiatrist with movement-disorder experience. It is not a replacement for the current team, and it does not have to end in a change of anything.

In practice the reviewer does four things. First, they retake the history from the beginning: when the first tic appeared, which tics have come and gone, what makes them better or worse, and how they affect school, work, sleep and relationships. Second, they watch. Tics have a recognizable quality: brief, repetitive, often preceded by an urge, suppressible for a short time at the cost of mounting discomfort. Many people suppress tics in clinic, so a reviewer may ask for home video. Third, they read the existing records: previous notes, any medicines tried, how long each was taken and why it was stopped. Fourth, they screen for conditions that frequently travel with Tourette syndrome, since those are often what is actually driving distress.

The output is a written opinion that either confirms the current plan, suggests refinements, or flags a different diagnosis or an untreated co-occurring condition. For a second opinion for Tourette syndrome to be useful, it has to be allowed to say “nothing needs changing.” That answer is common and is still worth having, because it lets a family stop second-guessing and commit to a plan long enough for it to work.

Bringing a tic diary, a short video of a typical day, a list of past treatments with dates, and your three most pressing questions turns a short appointment into a productive one.

How is Tourette syndrome diagnosed, and why does that matter for a second look?

There is no laboratory test for Tourette syndrome. The diagnosis rests on criteria that are simple to state and surprisingly easy to apply loosely. According to the CDC, a person must have had at least two motor tics and at least one vocal tic, not necessarily at the same time, for more than a year, with tics beginning before age 18 and not explained by a medicine, another substance or another medical condition.

A motor tic is a sudden, brief, repeated movement such as blinking, grimacing or shoulder jerking. A vocal tic is a sudden, repeated sound such as sniffing, throat clearing or a word. The famous involuntary swearing, called coprolalia, occurs in only a minority of people with the condition, a point worth stating because its absence sometimes leads families to doubt a correct diagnosis.

Because the criteria depend on recall, two clinicians can reach different conclusions from the same child. One might log a year of throat clearing as allergies; another might recognize it as the first vocal tic. One might count a month of intense tics as a disorder; another would wait, since tics lasting less than a year are classified as a provisional tic disorder, and many of those fade on their own.

This is where a second review helps most. A careful re-walk of the timeline can shift a label from provisional tic disorder to Tourette syndrome, or the reverse, and that shift changes how aggressively anyone should treat. Mayo Clinic notes that imaging or blood tests are sometimes used only to rule out other explanations, not to confirm the diagnosis, so a second opinion that orders a brain scan “to be sure” is usually looking for something else, and you are entitled to ask what.

Tics vs Tourette syndrome: when the label itself deserves a second check

Not every tic means Tourette syndrome, and not everything that looks like a tic is one. The distinction matters because the treatments differ, and because a wrong label can send someone down a path of medicines that were never going to help.

The CDC describes three tic disorders. Provisional tic disorder involves motor or vocal tics present for less than a year. Persistent (chronic) motor or vocal tic disorder involves one type of tic, motor or vocal but not both, for more than a year. Tourette syndrome requires both types for more than a year. All three sit on a spectrum and share management principles, but a child with a single eye-blinking tic for eight months is in a very different situation from a teenager with multiple motor and vocal tics for three years.

Then there are tic look-alikes. Compulsions in obsessive-compulsive disorder can resemble complex tics but are driven by anxious thoughts rather than a physical urge. Stereotypies, the rhythmic hand-flapping or rocking seen in some young children, start earlier and are not preceded by an urge. Functional tic-like behaviors, which neurologists have increasingly recognized in adolescents and young adults, often begin abruptly, are more elaborate, and respond to different therapy. Seizures, certain medicines and some rare metabolic conditions can also produce jerks that get mistaken for tics.

A reviewer deciding between tics and Tourette syndrome will ask about the premonitory urge (the itch-like sensation before a tic), suppressibility, age of onset and how the movements evolved. If an earlier diagnosis was made quickly, or if the pattern changed dramatically over a short time, this question alone can justify the second appointment. Getting the category right is the foundation every later decision rests on.

Who usually benefits from a second opinion, and who is usually asked to wait

Guidelines do not hand out a rule for when to seek a second review, so this is where clinical judgment and the evidence on tic behavior meet. The patterns below reflect how neurologists typically think about it.

A second opinion tends to earn its place when the diagnosis was made in a single short visit without video or a detailed timeline; when tics are painful, causing injury or interfering with school or work despite treatment; when a new medicine class, injections or surgery is being proposed; when several medicines have been tried without a clear plan for how long each was given; when anxiety, obsessive symptoms, attention difficulties or low mood are prominent but have never been formally assessed; or when tics first appeared in adulthood, which is uncommon and warrants a careful search for other causes.

People are usually asked to wait, rather than seek another review, in a few situations. Tics that are mild and not bothering the person may need no treatment at all; both the NHS and Mayo Clinic describe education and reassurance as the first step for many families. A treatment started only a few weeks ago has not had time to show its effect, and behavioral therapy in particular is judged over a course of sessions rather than a single week. A flare that follows a stressful event, an illness or a change in routine often settles as circumstances do, because stress and fatigue reliably worsen tics.

One more group deserves mention: people who have had three or four opinions already and still feel unsettled. At that point the most useful appointment is often not another assessment but a conversation with the current team about what “good enough” control would look like, since for many people that target is more realistic than tic-free.

What are the main Tourette treatment options a reviewer will compare?

A good second opinion lays out the full menu before narrowing it. The table summarizes the approaches described by the CDC, NHS and Mayo Clinic, with what the evidence broadly supports. None of this is a recommendation; your treating team decides which fits.

Approach	What it involves	What the evidence shows	Typical place in care
Education and watchful waiting	Explaining tics to the person, family and school; adjusting expectations	Appropriate when tics are not impairing; tics often improve through late adolescence	First step for mild tics
Behavioral therapy (CBIT, habit reversal, exposure and response prevention)	Structured sessions teaching awareness and competing responses	Reduces tic severity in controlled trials in children and adults	Recommended first-line treatment in major neurology guidelines when tics are bothersome
Alpha-2 adrenergic agonists (e.g., clonidine, guanfacine)	Daily medicine affecting noradrenaline signaling	Modest tic reduction; may also help attention symptoms	Often considered before dopamine-blocking medicines
Dopamine-blocking medicines (antipsychotic class, e.g., aripiprazole, risperidone)	Daily medicine reducing dopamine activity in movement circuits	Larger tic reduction; higher risk of weight gain, sedation and movement side effects	Moderate to severe tics not controlled otherwise
Botulinum toxin injections	Injection into the muscle producing a specific tic	Can reduce a single disabling motor or vocal tic	Focal tics, selected cases
Deep brain stimulation	Surgically implanted electrodes in deep brain structures	Investigational to limited use; evidence from small series	Severe, treatment-resistant adults in specialist centers

Two things stand out. The first-line position of behavioral therapy surprises many families who were offered medicine first, and asking whether it was considered is a legitimate second-opinion question. And the medicine rows differ mainly in trade-offs, not in a hierarchy of “strength,” which is why a reviewer will want to know what side effects were tolerated before.

How CBIT therapy for tics works, in plain language

Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention for Tics, usually shortened to CBIT, is a structured therapy that teaches a person to notice a tic coming and to perform a different, less noticeable action instead. It builds on an older method called habit reversal training and adds work on the situations that make tics worse.

The mechanism is practical rather than mysterious. Most people with Tourette syndrome feel a premonitory urge before a tic, a rising sensation that the tic relieves. CBIT starts by sharpening awareness of that urge for each target tic. The person then practices a competing response: a movement that is physically incompatible with the tic, such as gently tensing the neck muscles in a sustained way when the urge for a head jerk arrives, and holding it until the urge fades. Over repeated practice the urge becomes less demanding and the tic less frequent. The therapy also maps the person’s day for tic triggers (boredom, fatigue, excitement, screens, being watched) and adjusts the environment where possible.

The CDC describes CBIT as typically delivered across a course of weekly sessions, with home practice between them, and notes that it has been shown to reduce tic severity in both children and adults. It is not a trick for suppressing tics through willpower; suppression without a competing response usually leads to a rebound later. It is also not a treatment that works in the first week, which is why someone who stopped after two sessions has not really tested it.

A reviewer will ask whether CBIT or habit reversal was offered, whether a trained therapist was available, and whether the person was old enough to engage, since young children sometimes need a parent-supported version. Access to trained therapists varies, and that practical barrier, rather than lack of evidence, is often why medicine was started first.

How tic medicines work and what typical timelines look like

Medicine is where most second opinions concentrate, because it is where most uncertainty and most side effects live. Understanding the two main classes, without any numbers attached, makes the conversation with your prescriber more productive.

Alpha-2 adrenergic agonists act on noradrenaline signaling in the brain. They were originally blood-pressure medicines, which explains their most common side effects: sleepiness, light-headedness and, if stopped abruptly, a rebound rise in blood pressure. Mayo Clinic lists them among the options used for tics, and they are frequently chosen when attention-deficit symptoms coexist. Their effect on tics is modest and builds gradually.

Dopamine-blocking medicines, which belong to the antipsychotic class even though they are being used for movement rather than psychosis, reduce activity in the brain circuits that generate tics. They tend to produce larger tic reductions but carry heavier trade-offs: weight gain, sedation, metabolic changes, and, with longer use, the risk of abnormal involuntary movements called tardive dyskinesia. A third group, vesicular monoamine transporter inhibitors, depletes dopamine stores and has been studied for tics with mixed results.

On timing, the honest answer is that each medicine is usually judged over several weeks at a stable level, not days, and that tics’ natural fluctuation means a single bad fortnight proves little. Because tics wax and wane over weeks to months, both the NHS and Cleveland Clinic caution against reading too much into short-term change.

None of this is a cue to start, stop or adjust anything on your own. Several of these medicines must be tapered rather than stopped, and the second-opinion clinician will normally write to the prescriber rather than take over. What you can reasonably ask is which class you are on, what side effects to watch for, how long a fair trial is, and what the plan is if it does not work.

The waxing-and-waning trap: when "the treatment stopped working" is really the condition

If one piece of evidence should shape how you judge any Tourette treatment, it is this: tics fluctuate on their own. The NHS, Mayo Clinic and CDC all describe the pattern. Tics change in type, frequency and intensity over weeks and months, worsen with stress, tiredness, excitement and illness, and often lessen during focused, absorbing activity. The CDC notes that tics commonly begin between ages 5 and 10, tend to be at their most intense in the early teenage years, and for many people improve through late adolescence and into adulthood, though some adults continue to have significant tics.

This natural rhythm quietly sabotages judgment in both directions. A medicine started during a peak looks brilliant when the peak passes. A therapy started in a quiet phase looks useless when the next flare arrives. Families then change course, and the next treatment inherits credit or blame it did not earn. Over a few years this can produce a long list of “failed” treatments, none of which was actually tested properly.

A seasoned reviewer will try to disentangle treatment effect from natural course. The tools are simple: a tic diary or a standardized severity rating taken at regular intervals, home videos from different months, and a timeline matching treatment changes against school terms, illnesses and family events. Seen this way, a medicine that “stopped working” in October may turn out to have coincided with a new school year and an ear infection.

The practical lesson for anyone considering a change is to ask, before deciding, whether the current treatment has been evaluated across at least one full rise-and-fall cycle. If it has not, the most evidence-based move is sometimes patience with better record-keeping rather than a new prescription.

Co-occurring conditions: often the real reason to reassess

Here is the finding that reframes most second opinions. CDC survey data show that more than eight in ten children diagnosed with Tourette syndrome have at least one additional mental, behavioral or developmental condition, most commonly attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, anxiety, learning difficulties and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Mayo Clinic adds depression, sleep problems and autism spectrum disorder to the list of conditions that frequently travel alongside tics.

Why does this matter when the appointment was booked about tics? Because, for many people, the tics are not the main problem. A teenager may be failing classes because of untreated attention difficulties, lying awake because of intrusive thoughts, or avoiding friends because of anxiety, while every consultation focuses on reducing a head jerk. Treating the tic more aggressively will not fix any of that, and some tic medicines can worsen mood or concentration.

The reverse is also true. Stimulant medicines used for attention symptoms were once avoided in people with tics on the belief that they worsened them; the current evidence summarized by major neurology bodies does not support a blanket ban, so a family told years ago that attention symptoms could never be treated may deserve an updated view. Obsessive-compulsive symptoms respond to specific forms of talking therapy that differ from CBIT. Anxiety reduction often lowers tic frequency as a side benefit.

A second opinion that only watches tics and adjusts a tic medicine has missed its best opportunity. Ask the reviewer directly whether attention, mood, anxiety, obsessive symptoms and sleep were screened, and whether the overall plan addresses the problem that is most limiting daily life. In the author’s reading of the evidence, this is the single most valuable thing a fresh pair of eyes can contribute, more than any change to a tic prescription.

What the following weeks usually look like after a second opinion

Families often imagine that a second opinion ends with a dramatic verdict. The more typical sequence is quieter and takes several weeks.

In the first days, the reviewing clinician usually writes to the original team. Good practice is for that letter to be shared with you. It summarizes the findings, states whether the diagnosis is confirmed, lists any co-occurring conditions identified or suspected, and proposes options rather than orders. If the two clinicians disagree, the letter should say where and why. You are entitled to ask both of them to explain the disagreement in plain terms.

Over the next two to four weeks, decisions tend to fall into three bins. If the plan is confirmed, the practical task is to commit: set a date to review progress, keep a tic diary and stop shopping for alternatives. If a behavioral therapy was recommended, the main work is finding a trained therapist and arranging a course of sessions; the CDC describes CBIT as a weekly program with practice between visits, so expect the benefits to accrue over the course, not immediately. If a medicine change is proposed, it is normally the prescribing clinician who makes it, and some medicines must be tapered rather than swapped overnight. A new medicine is then judged over several weeks at a steady level, and tics’ natural fluctuation means the first fortnight is rarely informative.

If additional assessments were suggested, for attention, anxiety or learning, these may run in parallel and take longer to arrange than the tic plan itself.

By about two to three months, most people know whether the second opinion changed anything meaningful. Whatever the outcome, the most useful marker of success is not tic count but function: school attendance, sleep, concentration and whether the person feels less controlled by their tics. Those are the measures to bring back to the team.

Questions to ask your care team before changing Tourette treatment

Write these down; appointments are short and tics get worse under observation, which is precisely when questions evaporate. They are grouped by what they protect against.

About the diagnosis:

• Which criteria did you use, and what in my history satisfies each one?
• Could this be a provisional or persistent tic disorder rather than Tourette syndrome, and would that change the plan?
• Have functional tic-like behaviors, stereotypies or compulsions been considered and set aside, and on what basis?

About what is actually bothering me:

• Have attention, anxiety, mood, obsessive symptoms and sleep been screened? Which is most affecting daily life right now?
• What does “good control” look like for me, given that most people continue to have some tics?

About the proposed change:

• Was behavioral therapy such as CBIT offered or considered first, and if not, why?
• What is the mechanism of the proposed medicine, and which side effects should I report straight away?
• How long is a fair trial, and how will we separate its effect from tics’ natural ups and downs?
• What is the plan if it does not help: stop, switch or add?
• If stopping the current medicine, does it need to be tapered?

About the bigger picture:

• How often will we review, and who do I contact between appointments?
• Would a referral to a movement-disorder specialist, psychologist or psychiatrist add anything here?
• What should the school or workplace be told, and can you provide a letter?

Asking these is not confrontational. Most clinicians welcome a patient who wants to understand the reasoning, and the answers are the raw material a second opinion will work from if you later decide to seek one.

What people often get wrong about second opinions and Tourette syndrome

“Asking for another view insults my doctor.” Second opinions are routine in neurology and most clinicians will arrange one themselves if asked. A doctor who reacts badly to the request is telling you something about the relationship, not about your judgment.

“A second opinion means a new treatment.” Frequently it means confirmation. The value of a confirmed plan is that it lets you stop changing course and give something enough time to work.

“If the tics were really Tourette’s, there would be swearing.” Coprolalia affects only a minority of people with the condition, according to the NHS and CDC. Its absence is not grounds for doubt.

“A stronger medicine will fix it.” Medicines reduce tics; they rarely eliminate them, and the medicines with larger effects carry heavier side effects. Major guidelines place behavioral therapy first for bothersome tics precisely because of that trade-off.

“Tics are caused by stress or bad parenting.” Tourette syndrome is a neurodevelopmental condition with strong genetic contributions, as the NIH’s neurological institute describes. Stress worsens tics; it does not create the condition.

“The brain scan was normal, so the diagnosis is wrong.” Scans are normal in Tourette syndrome. They are ordered only to rule out other causes.

“Children always grow out of it.” Many improve through late adolescence, but a proportion of adults continue to have significant tics, so planning should not rest on the assumption of disappearance.

“Any neurologist will do.” For a second opinion on a complex case, experience with tic and movement disorders matters more than seniority alone, and in children a pediatric neurologist or child psychiatrist is often the better fit.

“Online treatments with glowing testimonials are worth a try.” Supplements, dietary regimens and devices marketed for tics lack evidence from controlled trials. Ask the reviewer about any you are considering rather than adding them silently.

Deep brain stimulation and other advanced options: what the evidence actually shows

When several treatments have not worked, families sometimes arrive at a second opinion with a specific procedure in mind, usually deep brain stimulation. It helps to know what the mainstream evidence does and does not say.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a surgical treatment in which thin electrodes are implanted in deep brain structures and connected to a pulse generator placed under the skin of the chest, delivering continuous electrical stimulation to circuits involved in movement. It is an established treatment for Parkinson’s disease and certain tremors. For Tourette syndrome, Mayo Clinic and the NIH describe it as an option studied in adults with severe tics that have not responded to other treatments, with evidence coming from relatively small series rather than large randomized trials. Several brain targets have been used, outcomes vary between individuals, and the procedure carries surgical risks including infection, bleeding and hardware problems. Mayo Clinic notes that it is not clear who is most likely to benefit, which is why it is confined to specialist centers and careful selection.

Botulinum toxin injections sit in a different category. The toxin temporarily weakens the injected muscle, so a single disabling tic, for example a forceful neck jerk or a loud vocal tic involving the vocal cords, can be reduced for a few months before repeat injection is considered. It does nothing for tics elsewhere.

Other approaches you may encounter online, including non-invasive brain stimulation, cannabis-based products and various supplements, remain under investigation or lack consistent evidence. A reputable second-opinion clinician will say so plainly rather than offer them as proven.

If surgery is being discussed, the most important second-opinion questions are whether all first- and second-line options, including a proper course of behavioral therapy, have genuinely been tried; whether co-occurring conditions have been treated; and whether the center performing it has specific experience with tic disorders. The decision belongs with a multidisciplinary team, and no article can substitute for that assessment.

When to call your doctor

Most changes in tics are not emergencies. A few patterns, however, need prompt contact with your treating team or urgent care rather than a wait for the next scheduled review.

Call your doctor promptly if tics are causing injury, such as repeated head or neck jerks with neck pain, numbness or tingling in the arms, eye tics causing visual disturbance, or self-hitting tics that leave bruises. Contact them if tics escalate suddenly and dramatically over days, especially in a teenager or adult, or if tics appear for the first time in adulthood; both patterns deserve assessment for other causes. Report any new tic that involves breathing or swallowing difficulty.

If you take a dopamine-blocking medicine, seek urgent care for high fever with muscle stiffness, confusion or a racing heart, which can signal a rare but serious reaction. Report new involuntary movements of the face, tongue or limbs that are not tics, persistent restlessness, marked drowsiness, or rapid weight gain. If you take an alpha-2 agonist, report fainting, severe dizziness or a very slow heartbeat, and never stop it abruptly without advice because of the risk of rebound high blood pressure.

Regardless of treatment, contact your team the same day if the person with tics expresses thoughts of self-harm or hopelessness, stops attending school or work, or shows a sudden change in mood or behavior. Co-occurring depression and anxiety are common and treatable, and they are more dangerous than any tic.

Finally, if a flare follows a fever, infection or new medicine, mention it; the connection may matter. When in doubt, a phone call to the clinic costs nothing but a few minutes and is exactly what the team would prefer you to do.

Frequently asked questions

Is a second opinion for Tourette syndrome worth it if treatment seems to be working?

Usually not, if tics are controlled, side effects are tolerable and daily life is going well. A second review earns its place when the diagnosis was rushed, tics are harmful, several treatments have failed without a clear plan, or a significant change such as a new medicine class or surgery is proposed. Confirming a working plan can still be reassuring, but it is rarely essential.

When should I see a neurologist for tics rather than staying with a family doctor?

Referral is generally sensible when tics have lasted more than a year, involve both movements and sounds, cause pain or injury, interfere with school or work, or are accompanied by attention, anxiety or obsessive symptoms. Tics that begin in adulthood or escalate suddenly also warrant specialist assessment. For children, a pediatric neurologist or child psychiatrist with movement-disorder experience is often the best fit.

How is Tourette syndrome diagnosed, and can a second clinician reach a different conclusion?

The diagnosis rests on criteria described by the CDC: at least two motor tics and one vocal tic for more than a year, beginning before age 18, not explained by medicine or another condition. Because it depends on recall and observation, two clinicians can differ, particularly about when tics began or whether a sound was a tic. Video and a detailed timeline reduce that disagreement.

What is the difference between tics vs Tourette syndrome?

Tics are the symptom; Tourette syndrome is one of three tic disorders defined by pattern and duration. Tics for under a year are a provisional tic disorder; one type of tic for over a year is persistent motor or vocal tic disorder; both motor and vocal tics for over a year is Tourette syndrome. Management principles overlap, but the label affects how urgently treatment is pursued.

What does CBIT therapy for tics involve, and does it work for adults?

CBIT teaches awareness of the urge before a tic and a competing movement that blocks it, alongside changes to situations that trigger tics. It is delivered as a course of weekly sessions with daily home practice. The CDC reports that it reduces tic severity in both children and adults, and major neurology guidelines list it as first-line treatment when tics are bothersome.

What are the main Tourette treatment options a second opinion might suggest?

Education and watchful waiting for mild tics; behavioral therapy such as CBIT or habit reversal; alpha-2 agonist medicines; dopamine-blocking medicines for more severe tics; botulinum toxin injections for a single disabling tic; and, rarely, deep brain stimulation in severe adult cases. A reviewer should also address co-occurring conditions, which often matter more than the tics themselves.

Could a second opinion find that it is not Tourette syndrome at all?

Yes, occasionally. Look-alikes include compulsions from obsessive-compulsive disorder, childhood stereotypies, functional tic-like behaviors that begin abruptly in adolescence, and movements caused by medicines or other neurological conditions. A reviewer separates these by asking about the premonitory urge, suppressibility, age of onset and how the movements evolved, and may order tests only to exclude other causes.

Will tics go away on their own, so is treatment even necessary?

Many people improve through late adolescence, and the CDC notes tics are often most intense in the early teens. A proportion of adults continue to have significant tics, however, and nobody can predict who. Treatment is based on current impact, not on forecasts. If tics are not bothering the person, education and monitoring may be all that is needed.

Should I stop my current tic medicine before the second-opinion appointment?

No. Stopping or changing a medicine without the prescriber’s guidance can cause rebound tics, and some medicines, including alpha-2 agonists, must be tapered to avoid a rise in blood pressure. The reviewing clinician wants to see you on your usual treatment and will write to your prescriber if a change seems worth considering. Bring a list of everything you take.

What should I bring to a second-opinion appointment for Tourette syndrome?

Bring previous clinic letters, a list of every treatment tried with approximate dates and reasons for stopping, a tic diary covering at least a few weeks, short home videos of typical tics, school or workplace reports, and your three most important questions. Mention any attention, anxiety, mood, obsessive or sleep difficulties, since these are often central to the plan.

References

• CDC: Data and Statistics on Tourette Syndrome
• NHS: Tourette's syndrome
• NIH NINDS: Tourette Syndrome
• Cleveland Clinic: Tourette Syndrome

This article is for general information only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Please consult a qualified doctor about your individual situation.