TRT and Fertility: Why Testosterone Therapy Can Shut Down Sperm Production

The message arrived at 11:40 on a Tuesday night, the way these messages often do: “My husband started testosterone shots in March. We just found out we’re not pregnant again. Is it the shots?” The nurse who read it had seen the same question, in slightly different words, four times that month.

It is not a coincidence. As of September 2026, searches for trt and fertility have climbed alongside a steep rise in testosterone prescriptions among men in their twenties and thirties, much of it driven by telehealth clinics and social feeds where “low T” has become shorthand for tiredness, belly fat and a flat mood. Two shifts fed the moment: the large TRAVERSE cardiovascular trial, published in 2023, eased an old safety worry, and a wave of viral posts began claiming that a man can stay fully fertile on testosterone simply by adding another injection.

Both halves of that story deserve a slow, careful look, because one is mostly true and the other is mostly not.

Why trt and fertility is trending: what changed recently

Three dated developments explain why a decades-old piece of physiology is suddenly dinner-table conversation.

First, the TRAVERSE trial, published in the New England Journal of Medicine in June 2023, randomised more than 5,000 middle-aged and older men with low testosterone and existing heart risk to testosterone gel or placebo. It found no increase in major cardiovascular events over roughly three years, though it did see more atrial fibrillation, acute kidney injury and pulmonary embolism in the testosterone group. Many men read the headline as “TRT is safe” and skipped the footnotes.

Second, in early 2025 US regulators updated class-wide labeling for testosterone products in light of TRAVERSE, removing the long-standing boxed warning about heart risk and strengthening language about raised blood pressure. The labeling still lists reduced sperm production as an expected effect, but that line rarely makes a news alert.

Third, prescription data over the past decade show the fastest growth in testosterone use among men under 40, the age group most likely to be planning a family. Observational studies of fertility-clinic patients have repeatedly found men arriving with a zero sperm count who did not know testosterone could do that.

Layer on a steady stream of short videos claiming that a companion injection “keeps the testicles running” and you have a perfect search storm. What follows is the physiology, the numbers and the honest state of the evidence, so the decision in front of you or your partner rests on something sturdier than a thirty-second clip. Freshness note: the clinical facts here reflect mainstream guidance current as of September 2026; always confirm specifics with your prescribing clinician.

How the body makes sperm: the hormone chain behind fertility

Sperm production is a conversation between the brain and the testicles, and it runs on three hormones.

The hypothalamus, a thumb-sized region at the base of the brain, releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in pulses roughly every 60 to 120 minutes. GnRH tells the pituitary gland, just beneath it, to release two messengers: luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Doctors call this loop the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, which is simply the chain of command from brain to gland to testicle.

LH travels to the Leydig cells in the testicles and instructs them to make testosterone. Most of that testosterone stays put. Concentrations inside the testicle run roughly 50 to 100 times higher than in the bloodstream, and that local flood is what the sperm-nursing Sertoli cells need to shepherd immature germ cells through their 74-day development into mature sperm. FSH acts directly on those Sertoli cells, boosting the number of sperm the testicle can support.

The loop closes with feedback. When testosterone in the blood rises, the hypothalamus and pituitary sense it and ease off on GnRH, LH and FSH. When it falls, they push harder. The system behaves like a thermostat, holding blood testosterone in a healthy band while quietly protecting the far higher levels inside the testicle.

Think of it as a factory with a head office. The pituitary sends work orders (LH and FSH); the testicle fills them (testosterone and sperm). The two jobs are linked: no work orders, no local testosterone, no sperm. That single detail explains almost everything about testosterone therapy and fertility.

Why testosterone therapy shuts down sperm production

Here is the paradox that catches so many men out: adding testosterone from outside lowers testosterone where sperm are made.

When testosterone enters the body from a gel, patch, pellet or injection, the hypothalamus and pituitary read the high blood level exactly as they are designed to. They conclude the testicles are overproducing and cut the work orders. GnRH pulses fade, LH and FSH drop toward undetectable, and the Leydig cells stop making their own testosterone. Within weeks, that 50-to-100-fold concentration inside the testicle collapses toward the much lower level in the blood.

For muscle, mood and libido, blood level is what matters, so the man feels fine, often better. For the Sertoli cells, the local level is what matters, and it has just fallen off a cliff. Sperm development stalls. Because a sperm cell takes about 74 days to mature plus roughly two weeks to travel through the epididymis, the semen analysis does not change overnight; the full effect shows up over two to four months.

This is not an idiosyncratic side effect that strikes a few unlucky men. It is the mechanism working as intended, which is why researchers spent the 1990s and 2000s testing testosterone injections as a male contraceptive. In World Health Organization-coordinated trials, around 65 percent of men became azoospermic, meaning no sperm at all in the ejaculate, and most of the rest dropped to severely low counts.

The same physiology explains the testicular shrinkage men notice. Leydig cells and seminiferous tubules that are not working lose volume. The testicle has not been damaged in the way a toxin damages it; it has been told to stand down.

How much does TRT lower sperm count, and how fast?

The answer depends on dose, formulation, age and the man’s starting point, but the direction is consistent: down, and usually a long way down.

The male-contraception literature offers the clearest numbers because those trials measured semen every few weeks. Across pooled analyses, most men on testosterone alone fell below the threshold used for contraceptive efficacy within three to four months, and about two in three reached zero. Men on longer-acting injections or higher doses suppressed faster and more completely; men using lower-dose gels suppressed less predictably, which is one reason gel users occasionally keep a measurable count.

For context, the World Health Organization’s 2021 reference values set the lower limit for a fertile population at roughly 16 million sperm per millilitre and 39 million per ejaculate, with at least 42 percent of sperm moving. A man who starts at 60 million per millilitre and loses 95 percent of his output is left at 3 million, well into the range where natural conception becomes unlikely, though not impossible.

Timing matters for couples. Because sperm already in the pipeline keep maturing for a couple of months, a man who starts testosterone in January may still conceive in February or March, then find the window closing by late spring. Couples sometimes read that early success as proof that TRT does not affect fertility. It usually means the clock had not yet run out.

Formulation matters too. Pellets and long-acting injections maintain steady suppression for months; a daily gel that is stopped washes out in days. None of this changes the central point: no formulation of testosterone is designed to preserve sperm production, and none reliably does.

Can you be fertile on TRT?

Some men are, for a while. Counting on it is a different matter.

Roughly a third of men on testosterone alone in contraceptive trials never reached zero. A smaller fraction kept counts high enough that pregnancies occurred, which is precisely why testosterone alone failed as a contraceptive. So yes, a man can be fertile on TRT in the strict sense that his count may not be nil. Whether he is fertile enough to conceive within a reasonable time is a question only a semen analysis can answer, and the answer may change from month to month.

Men who remain fertile tend to share features: lower doses, short-acting or transdermal products, higher baseline counts, and sometimes incomplete suppression of the pituitary for reasons that are not well understood. None of these can be predicted from a blood test before starting.

The viral claim that adding human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) alongside testosterone “keeps you fertile” rests on real but limited evidence. hCG mimics LH, so it can keep the Leydig cells producing local testosterone and preserve testicular volume. Small retrospective series of men using testosterone plus hCG have reported that most maintained sperm in the ejaculate. There are no large randomised trials, follow-up is short, and FSH remains suppressed, so sperm counts are often lower than baseline even when not zero. Whether to use hCG in this way, and for whom, is a decision for the prescribing clinician, not for a comment thread.

The honest summary: fertility on TRT is possible, unpredictable and unprotected. A man who would be devastated to learn next year that his count is zero should not start testosterone without a conversation about alternatives or sperm banking first.

Can I get pregnant if my husband is taking testosterone shots?

Yes, it can happen, and it does. TRT is not contraception, and no clinician should present it as one.

The reason sits in the numbers above. If about 65 percent of men become azoospermic, about 35 percent do not, and some of those keep enough motile sperm for conception. In the contraceptive trials that tried to make testosterone work as birth control, pregnancies occurred among partners of men who had not fully suppressed, with failure rates far higher than any method couples would accept. A couple relying on testosterone shots to avoid pregnancy is taking a real gamble.

The flip side is more common in clinic: a couple who wants a baby and is not succeeding. If the husband started injections in the past year, his fertility is the first thing to check, because it is the one factor that is both likely and fixable. A semen analysis takes a few days to arrange and, after two to five days of abstinence, provides a direct answer.

Two practical points help couples make sense of what they find:

• A low or zero count a few months into TRT does not mean permanent infertility; it means the suppression is doing what the physiology predicts.
• A normal count does not mean the shots are harmless to fertility; it may reflect timing, dose or luck, and should be rechecked if conception does not follow.

What a couple should not do is stop or adjust the injections on their own. Abrupt withdrawal brings fatigue, low mood and other withdrawal symptoms, and the pituitary needs a planned approach to restart. The next step is a joint appointment with the prescribing clinician, ideally with a fertility specialist or urologist involved, to decide whether and how to pause therapy, bridge with other medicines, or move straight to assisted conception.

Does TRT shrink the testicles, and do they grow back?

Testicular shrinkage, which doctors call testicular atrophy, is one of the most searched and least discussed effects of testosterone therapy. It is common, it is expected, and in most men it is largely reversible.

Roughly 80 to 90 percent of testicular volume comes from the seminiferous tubules, the coiled tubes where sperm are made. When LH and FSH disappear, those tubules empty of developing sperm and the supporting cells shrink. Volume can fall by a third or more over several months. Men describe testicles that feel softer and sit higher. The change is a marker of suppression, not of damage to the organ itself.

Whether the testicles “grow back” tracks closely with whether sperm production returns. As the pituitary reawakens after therapy stops and LH and FSH climb, Leydig cells resume local testosterone production, tubules refill, and volume recovers over months. Observational follow-up suggests most men regain much of their pre-treatment volume within a year, though some report a lasting modest reduction, particularly after long courses of high-dose therapy.

hCG is sometimes prescribed alongside testosterone specifically to prevent shrinkage, because it stimulates the Leydig cells directly. Small studies support that it preserves volume. Whether that is appropriate for a given man depends on his goals and medical history, and belongs to his prescribing clinician.

Two caveats matter. A testicle that becomes painful, develops a lump, or shrinks on one side only is not behaving the way TRT-related atrophy behaves and needs prompt examination. And men who used testosterone or anabolic steroids for years without medical supervision sometimes see slower, less complete recovery; the longer the shutdown, the longer the restart tends to take.

TRT sperm count recovery: how long after stopping?

The most reassuring data on recovery come from the same contraceptive trials that documented suppression, because those researchers followed men until sperm returned.

A pooled analysis of roughly 1,500 men from 30 studies, published in the Lancet in 2006, found a median time of about three to four months for sperm concentration to climb back to 20 million per millilitre after the last testosterone dose. The cumulative picture looked like this: about two-thirds had recovered by six months, nine in ten by one year, and essentially all by two years. Older age, longer treatment, higher dose and lower baseline count all pushed recovery later.

Those men were healthy volunteers with normal fertility to begin with, which is not the typical TRT patient. Men who started testosterone because of a genuine testicular problem may recover to a lower ceiling, because the underlying condition is still there. Men who started for borderline or lifestyle reasons tend to recover more fully.

Recovery follows a predictable sequence. LH and FSH reappear in the blood first, often within weeks of a short-acting product washing out, though long-acting pellets and depot injections can keep levels suppressed for months after the last administration. Local testosterone rises next, then the 74-day sperm production cycle restarts, and the first mature sperm reach the ejaculate roughly three months after the axis switches back on.

Clinicians sometimes use medicines to speed this along. hCG can jump-start local testosterone production, and clomiphene citrate, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, can nudge the pituitary to release LH and FSH; in men, clomiphene is prescribed off-label and the evidence rests on observational series rather than large trials. Whether to use either, and for how long, is the prescribing clinician’s call. What men should expect is patience: the semen analysis at three months after stopping is often still disappointing, and the one at six months is usually where the story turns.

What the evidence actually says about trt and fertility

Grading the evidence is where honesty lives, so here is the ledger.

Strong (randomised and controlled trials): That exogenous testosterone suppresses LH, FSH and sperm production is established by decades of randomised contraceptive trials involving thousands of men, with azoospermia in roughly two-thirds. That recovery occurs in nearly all men within two years is supported by the pooled Lancet analysis of those trials. These are among the best-studied effects in male reproductive medicine.

Moderate (large observational cohorts): That older age, longer duration and higher dose slow recovery comes from the same pooled data, observational in structure. That testicular volume falls and largely returns is supported by consistent cohort follow-up but not by trials designed to measure it.

Weak (small series, expert opinion): That adding hCG to testosterone preserves sperm in most men rests on small retrospective reviews, typically a few dozen men, with short follow-up and no randomised comparison. That clomiphene or hCG speed recovery after stopping TRT is plausible and widely practiced, but supported mainly by case series and specialist consensus.

Not supported: There is no good evidence that testosterone therapy causes permanent infertility in men whose testicles were healthy beforehand, no evidence that it “ages” a man faster, and no evidence that any specific product or schedule reliably preserves normal sperm counts.

On broader safety, the TRAVERSE trial in 2023 provides randomised evidence that testosterone gel did not raise major cardiovascular events over about three years in older men with existing risk, while raising rates of atrial fibrillation, pulmonary embolism and kidney injury modestly. That is reassuring but not a blanket pass, and it says nothing about fertility, which TRAVERSE did not measure.

A useful habit: whenever a claim about TRT and fertility arrives, ask which of these four tiers it belongs to. Most viral claims live in the bottom two.

TRT versus fertility-sparing alternatives: a side-by-side table

Men with low testosterone who also want children face a genuine trade-off, and the options are not interchangeable. The table summarises how each affects the hormone axis and what the evidence base looks like. None of this is a recommendation; it is a map for the conversation with your clinician.

Option	How it works	Effect on sperm production	Regulatory status in men	Strength of evidence
Testosterone (gel, injection, pellet, patch)	Replaces blood testosterone directly	Usually suppressed, often to zero	Approved for diagnosed hypogonadism	Strong (randomised trials)
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) alone	Mimics LH, stimulates testicular testosterone	Generally preserved, FSH not replaced	Approved for hypogonadotropic hypogonadism	Moderate (cohorts, small trials)
Testosterone plus hCG	Replaces blood level while keeping Leydig cells active	Often preserved but frequently below baseline	Combination used off-label	Weak (small retrospective series)
Clomiphene citrate	Blocks estrogen feedback so pituitary releases more LH and FSH	Generally preserved or improved	Off-label in men	Weak to moderate (observational, small trials)
Lifestyle treatment (weight, sleep apnea, alcohol)	Addresses reversible causes of low testosterone	Neutral or improved	Not applicable	Moderate (cohorts, some trials)
Sperm banking before TRT	Preserves sperm for future assisted conception	Protects future options, not current count	Standard medical service	Strong for use in assisted reproduction

Two patterns stand out. The options that protect fertility work upstream, by keeping or boosting the pituitary signals, while testosterone itself works downstream and silences them. And the quality of evidence falls as the regimens become more creative. A man choosing between these paths is choosing between a well-understood treatment with a known fertility cost and less-studied alternatives with a smaller cost. Only his clinician, with his labs and history in hand, can weigh which risk fits his life.

Should I bank sperm before starting testosterone?

For any man who might want a biological child in the future, this is the question most worth asking before the first prescription is filled, and it is asked far too rarely.

Sperm cryopreservation, the freezing of a semen sample in liquid nitrogen, is routine, quick and well established. Samples frozen for decades have produced healthy pregnancies through intrauterine insemination or in vitro fertilisation. Most fertility clinics ask for two to three samples a few days apart, each after two to five days of abstinence, to build a reserve.

The logic is insurance. Recovery after TRT is likely but not guaranteed, slow for some men, and incomplete for those with an underlying testicular problem. A frozen sample removes the uncertainty from the equation: whatever happens to the count later, the couple retains a path to parenthood that does not depend on months of waiting or a hormonal restart.

Banking makes particular sense for men who:

• are under 45 and have not completed their family;
• have a borderline or low baseline semen analysis, since they have the least margin to lose;
• plan long-acting formulations such as pellets, where suppression persists for months after stopping;
• have a partner over 35, where waiting a year for recovery carries its own cost.

A baseline semen analysis at the same visit is doubly useful: it establishes what “recovered” should look like later, and it occasionally reveals a pre-existing problem such as a varicocele or an obstruction that deserves attention in its own right.

Banking is not a reason to skip the broader conversation about whether testosterone is the right treatment at all. But it is the single intervention that changes an irreversible-feeling decision into a reversible one, and the window to do it is before the first dose, not after the first disappointing month.

Low testosterone and infertility: what to check before treatment starts

Low testosterone and infertility often travel together, and sorting out which is cause and which is effect changes everything about treatment.

Guidelines from major endocrine and urology bodies agree on the first steps: confirm low testosterone with at least two morning blood tests on separate days, since levels swing with time of day, sleep and illness, and measure LH and FSH alongside. The pattern tells the story. Low testosterone with high LH and FSH points to a testicular problem, called primary hypogonadism; the pituitary is shouting and the testicle is not answering. Low testosterone with low or normal LH and FSH points to a brain or pituitary problem, called secondary hypogonadism; the testicle is willing but no one is sending orders.

That distinction matters for fertility. Men with secondary hypogonadism often respond to hCG or clomiphene with both higher testosterone and restored sperm production, because their testicles are intact. Men with primary hypogonadism may have reduced sperm production regardless of treatment, and testosterone will not fix that; only a fertility evaluation can clarify their options.

Reversible causes deserve a look before any prescription. Obesity, untreated obstructive sleep apnea, heavy alcohol use, opioid medicines, uncontrolled diabetes and some antidepressants all lower testosterone. Treating them can raise levels without touching the HPG axis.

A physical examination of the testicles is part of a proper workup. Varicocele, a swelling of veins in the scrotum found in roughly 15 percent of men and around 40 percent of men with infertility, can lower both sperm quality and testosterone. Varicocele repair, by surgery or embolisation, is one of the few interventions that may improve both. A small, firm testicle, a lump or asymmetry calls for ultrasound before anything else.

None of this is exotic. It is the ordinary diligence that separates a diagnosis of low testosterone from a symptom list, and it is where fertility gets protected or quietly lost.

Common myths about TRT, aging and fertility

Viral claims about testosterone tend to be confident and short. The evidence is longer and less tidy. Five myths worth retiring:

“TRT does not affect fertility if you use gel instead of injections.” Gels suppress the axis less consistently, so a measurable count is more likely, but suppression is still the norm. Formulation changes the odds, not the mechanism.

“Add hCG and you stay fully fertile.” Small retrospective series suggest most men on testosterone plus hCG keep some sperm, but FSH remains suppressed and counts are often below baseline. “Some” is not “full,” and the data would not satisfy the standard applied to any other fertility treatment.

“Once your count hits zero, it is gone for good.” The pooled contraceptive trials show recovery in essentially all men within two years. Permanent infertility after TRT in a man with previously healthy testicles is rare and usually reflects an undiagnosed underlying problem.

“Does TRT age you faster?” There is no evidence that it does. The TRAVERSE trial found no increase in major heart events over three years, and observational studies have not linked properly supervised therapy to accelerated aging. What is real: testosterone raises red blood cell counts in some men, can worsen untreated sleep apnea, can raise blood pressure, and may accelerate growth of an existing prostate cancer, which is why monitoring exists. Those are side effects, not aging.

Also worth saying plainly: TRT does not raise the risk of a partner’s miscarriage through some change in sperm quality, a claim that circulates online without evidence, and it does not “burn out” the testicles so they cannot restart. The organ is paused, not consumed.

The thread running through all of these is a confusion between what is possible and what is predictable. Most of the myths describe something that happens to some men some of the time. Good medicine plans for the typical case and monitors for the exception.

When to see a doctor

Fertility questions on testosterone are a reason to book an appointment, not to adjust anything at home. Every decision about starting, pausing, bridging or restarting therapy belongs to the prescribing clinician, ideally working alongside a urologist or fertility specialist.

Arrange a visit if:

• you are planning testosterone therapy and have not completed your family, so that sperm banking and alternatives can be discussed first;
• you have been trying to conceive for 12 months without success, or 6 months if your partner is 35 or older, whether or not either of you is on treatment;
• you are already on TRT and want children; a semen analysis and a planned approach to the axis come before any change to your prescription;
• you stopped testosterone six months ago or more and your semen analysis has not improved.

Seek care promptly, within days, for:

• a lump, hardness, swelling or persistent pain in a testicle, or shrinkage on one side only;
• new breast tenderness or enlarged male breast tissue (gynecomastia), which can accompany hormonal changes and warrants assessment;
• a sharp drop in mood, new depression or thoughts of self-harm, which can accompany abrupt withdrawal from testosterone;
• severe headache with vision change, which in a man with low LH and FSH can point to a pituitary cause that needs imaging.

Call emergency services for:

• chest pain, sudden breathlessness or coughing up blood, since testosterone therapy modestly raises the risk of blood clots in the lung;
• sudden one-sided weakness, facial droop or trouble speaking;
• a swollen, painful calf, especially with breathlessness.

Bring your medication list, any recent blood results and a note of when you started or stopped testosterone. Those three details let a clinician interpret a semen analysis correctly and plan the next step without guesswork.

Frequently asked questions

Can you be fertile on TRT?

Some men remain fertile on testosterone therapy, but it is unpredictable. About a third of men in contraceptive trials never reached a zero count, and pregnancies did occur, yet most men fell to levels where natural conception is unlikely. A semen analysis is the only way to know where you stand, and the result can change over months. Men who want children should discuss alternatives or sperm banking before starting.

Can I get pregnant if my husband is taking testosterone shots?

Yes, pregnancy is possible, because testosterone is not reliable contraception. Suppression is incomplete in roughly a third of men, and some keep enough sperm to conceive. If you are trying for a baby without success, his semen analysis is the first test to arrange. Do not stop or change his injections at home; see the prescribing clinician together to plan a safe approach.

Does TRT cause infertility permanently?

In men whose testicles were healthy before treatment, permanent infertility after testosterone therapy is rare. Pooled follow-up of contraceptive trials found sperm returned in essentially all men within two years of stopping. Recovery takes longer with older age, higher doses and longer treatment, and men with a pre-existing testicular problem may recover to a lower ceiling. A specialist can assess your individual outlook.

How long does TRT sperm count recovery take after stopping?

Median recovery to a reasonable count is about three to four months after the last dose, with about two-thirds of men recovered by six months and nine in ten by a year. Long-acting pellets and depot injections keep hormones suppressed for months after stopping, which delays the clock. Clinicians sometimes prescribe medicines to speed recovery; whether that is appropriate is their decision.

Does testosterone lower sperm count even at low doses or with gel?

Usually yes, though less consistently. Gels and lower doses suppress the pituitary less completely than long-acting injections, so a measurable count is more likely, but a reduced count remains the norm. No testosterone product is designed to protect sperm production. If fertility matters, a baseline and follow-up semen analysis will show how your body is responding.

Will my testicles grow back after TRT?

In most men, yes, largely. Testicular shrinkage on testosterone reflects empty sperm-producing tubules, not damage, and volume returns over months as LH and FSH recover and sperm production restarts. Some men report a modest lasting reduction after long, high-dose courses. A testicle that shrinks on one side only, or becomes painful or lumpy, is not typical and needs prompt examination.

Does TRT age you faster?

There is no evidence that supervised testosterone therapy accelerates aging. The 2023 TRAVERSE trial found no rise in major heart events over about three years, and observational data have not shown faster aging. Real side effects exist, including raised red blood cell counts, higher blood pressure, worsened sleep apnea and a small rise in clot and atrial fibrillation risk, which is why monitoring is routine.

Does adding hCG to testosterone keep you fertile?

Small retrospective series suggest most men on testosterone plus hCG keep some sperm in the ejaculate, because hCG mimics LH and keeps local testosterone production going. FSH stays suppressed, counts are often below baseline, and no large randomised trial has tested the combination. The approach is off-label; whether it suits you is a decision for your prescribing clinician.

Should I have a semen analysis before starting testosterone?

It is a sensible step for any man who may want children. A baseline semen analysis shows what recovery should look like later, can reveal a pre-existing problem such as varicocele, and informs whether sperm banking is wise. Guidelines also recommend confirming low testosterone with two morning blood tests and measuring LH and FSH, which together clarify whether the cause is testicular or pituitary.

What is the link between low testosterone and infertility?

They often share a cause. Low testosterone with high LH and FSH signals a testicular problem that may also impair sperm production; low testosterone with low LH and FSH signals a pituitary cause that often responds to treatments that restore both hormones and fertility. Obesity, sleep apnea, alcohol and some medicines lower testosterone and are reversible. Treating testosterone with testosterone itself will not improve sperm production.

References

• Male Infertility (MedlinePlus)
• Low Testosterone (Male Hypogonadism) (Cleveland Clinic)
• Infertility (NHS)

This article is for general information only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Please consult a qualified doctor about your individual situation.