What Happens on Deep Brain Stimulation Surgery Day for Parkinson’s Disease? Step by Step

The night before, most people do the same small thing: they run a hand over the spot on their scalp where the incisions will be, as if checking that the plan is real. Someone has drawn on a calendar, packed a bag, and read every page the care team gave them. Then the question that no leaflet fully answers surfaces again around 3 a.m.: what, exactly, is going to happen to me tomorrow?

If you are trying to picture your dbs surgery day parkinsons appointment hour by hour, you are in good company. Deep brain stimulation has been used for Parkinson’s disease for decades, yet the day itself still feels like a leap into the unknown, partly because a person may be awake for some of it, and partly because so much of what happens is hidden behind sterile drapes.

This explainer walks the day from the alarm clock to the first night on the ward, describing what teams typically do and why. Details vary between hospitals and between individuals, so treat this as a map rather than a script, and let your treating team fill in the specifics for you.

What is deep brain stimulation, and what does surgery day actually involve?

Deep brain stimulation, or DBS, is a treatment in which thin insulated wires called leads are placed in a specific deep part of the brain and connected to a small battery-powered device that delivers continuous electrical pulses. Think of it less as a repair and more as a volume control: the pulses modulate abnormal signalling in circuits that govern movement, which is why DBS can help tremor, stiffness, slowness and the involuntary writhing movements that long-term levodopa (the main dopamine-replacing drug class for Parkinson’s) can produce.

Two brain regions are the usual targets for Parkinson’s disease. The subthalamic nucleus is a lentil-sized structure that sits a few centimetres beneath the surface of each hemisphere; the globus pallidus internus is a neighbouring region that also helps regulate movement. Both are described in the Mayo Clinic and Johns Hopkins overviews of the procedure, and the choice between them is made by the movement disorders team on the basis of symptoms, medication effects and other health factors.

Surgery day is really two engineering tasks stitched together. The first is precision: getting the tip of a wire roughly the width of a strand of spaghetti to a target the size of a lentil, deep inside the skull, without damaging anything on the way. The second is connection: threading an extension wire under the skin of the scalp and neck to a pulse generator, similar in size to a pacemaker, that is tucked into a pocket under the skin near the collarbone.

Some centres do both tasks in a single day. Others place the leads first and implant the generator days or a week or two later, as Cleveland Clinic describes. Either way, the electricity is almost never switched on in the operating room for good; that comes later, once swelling settles.

The weeks before: how the preparation shapes what happens on the day

Nothing about surgery day is improvised. In the weeks beforehand, a neurologist specialising in movement disorders usually assesses how you move both after your medication has worn off and again when it is working well. This on-and-off comparison matters because DBS tends to help the symptoms that respond to levodopa, and it helps predict what stimulation might realistically do for you. Neuropsychological testing checks memory, mood and thinking, since these can influence both suitability and safety.

A detailed MRI of the brain is taken, sometimes weeks earlier, sometimes on the day itself. The surgical team uses this scan to plan a path from the skull surface to the target that avoids blood vessels and the fluid-filled ventricles. Many teams later fuse the MRI with a CT scan taken with the head frame in place, so the two images can be lined up to within a millimetre or so.

You will also meet an anaesthetist. Expect questions about blood thinners, blood pressure, sleep apnoea and previous reactions to anaesthesia. Blood-thinning medicines are frequently paused before brain surgery to reduce bleeding risk, but the timing is a decision for your prescribing clinicians, never something to change on your own.

A practical point trips people up more than any other: your Parkinson’s medication schedule for the night before and the morning of surgery. Many centres ask patients to hold their usual anti-Parkinson medicines for several hours beforehand so that symptoms are visible during testing in the operating room. This can be uncomfortable, and teams know it, so ask precisely what you should take and when, and get it in writing.

Who is usually offered DBS for Parkinson's, and who is asked to wait?

DBS is not a first-line treatment, and it is not for everyone with Parkinson’s. The NHS describes it as an option for people whose symptoms are no longer adequately controlled by medication, or who experience troublesome side effects from it. In practice, the candidates who tend to be discussed are people who have had a clear diagnosis of Parkinson’s for several years, who still get a good response from levodopa but suffer from unpredictable wearing-off, and who may have disabling tremor or medication-induced dyskinesias.

Several groups are typically asked to wait, or are steered towards other options. People whose diagnosis is uncertain, or whose picture suggests an atypical parkinsonian condition, usually do not benefit in the same way. Significant memory impairment or untreated depression may make surgery riskier and outcomes less predictable, so teams generally want those addressed first. Uncontrolled high blood pressure, active infection and some heart conditions can push the date back until they are stable.

Age by itself is not an automatic barrier. Overall health, the ability to take part in awake testing if that approach is planned, and realistic expectations carry more weight than a birth year. The Johns Hopkins overview stresses that DBS is most likely to help symptoms that respond to levodopa; symptoms that do not, such as some freezing of gait, speech difficulties and cognitive change, are unlikely to improve with stimulation and may even be affected by it.

The decision is made by a multidisciplinary team: neurologist, neurosurgeon, neuropsychologist, nursing specialists and often a speech therapist. If your team suggests waiting, ask what would need to change for the answer to become yes. That is a fair question, and a good team will welcome it.

Morning of surgery: fasting, medicines and arriving at the hospital

The alarm goes off early. Brain surgery cases are usually scheduled first thing because the mapping and placement take several hours, and teams want daylight hours for the parts that need your participation. Your instructions will almost always include fasting from food and most fluids overnight, in line with standard anaesthesia safety; sips of water may be permitted up to a set time, but only if your team has said so.

Arriving without your usual Parkinson’s medicine on board can make the morning feel slow and stiff. Many people describe this as the hardest part of the day, harder than the surgery itself. Wear loose clothing with front fastenings, bring any walking aid you normally use, and let the nursing staff help; this is not a morning for proving independence.

A nurse will check your identity band, confirm allergies, and mark the surgical site. A small amount of hair may be clipped over the entry points; most people are surprised by how little. An intravenous line is placed in the arm for fluids and medication. You may be given an antibiotic to reduce infection risk, and the anaesthetist will confirm the plan for sedation.

Then comes the step most people remember most vividly. If your centre uses a stereotactic frame, a lightweight metal ring is fixed to the skull with four pins after local anaesthetic is injected into the scalp. Stereotactic simply means using a three-dimensional coordinate system to locate a point in the brain. The pins feel like firm pressure rather than sharp pain, though the sensation of the head being held still takes getting used to. Frameless systems use small anchors screwed into the skull instead, with the same purpose: a fixed reference so that the imaging and the surgery share exactly the same coordinates.

Awake vs asleep DBS surgery: what the two approaches mean for your day

Ask a room of DBS patients what they were most anxious about and awake surgery wins every time. The idea sounds barbaric until you understand why it exists. Brain tissue itself has no pain receptors, so once the scalp and skull are numbed, the electrode passing through the brain is not felt. Being awake allows the team to do two things: listen to the electrical chatter of individual brain cells to confirm the electrode is in the right place, and ask you to move, speak and report sensations while test stimulation runs.

In the awake approach, sedation is given for the uncomfortable parts, such as fixing the frame and opening the skull, then lightened so you can respond. You will hear voices, the tap of instruments and possibly a crackling sound from the speakers when the recording microelectrode picks up neurons firing. People often describe it as strange rather than frightening, and the team talks to you throughout.

Asleep DBS, performed under general anaesthesia, relies on high-quality imaging to confirm placement instead of your feedback. Intraoperative MRI or CT is used to check the electrode position before the operation ends. Cleveland Clinic notes that both awake and asleep approaches are in use, and the choice depends on the centre, the target, and patient factors such as severe anxiety, breathing difficulties when lying flat, or tremor so violent that lying still awake would be unsafe.

Neither approach is universally superior; the evidence base compares reasonably well on symptom outcomes, with different trade-offs in comfort and confirmation methods. What matters is that your team is experienced in the method they use for you, and that you know beforehand which one to expect, so that the sounds and sensations of the day do not take you by surprise.

Inside the operating room on dbs surgery day parkinsons: placing the leads step by step

With the frame in place, you are taken for a CT scan, which is then fused with the earlier MRI on the planning computer. The surgeon calculates a trajectory: the exact entry point on the skull, the angle, and the depth to the target. This planning stage can take an hour or more before anything surgical happens, which is why families waiting outside should not read a long silence as bad news.

In the operating room you lie on your back with the head slightly raised, the frame locked to the table. Sterile drapes are arranged so that your face is uncovered on one side, allowing the team to see and talk to you. Local anaesthetic is injected into the scalp along the planned incision line.

The surgeon makes a curved incision, usually behind the hairline, and uses a drill to create an opening roughly the diameter of a large coin. Most people who are awake describe the drilling as loud vibration rather than pain, and it lasts a short while. The tough membrane covering the brain is opened, and a guide tube is aimed along the planned path.

Next, depending on the centre, a fine recording microelectrode is advanced in tiny steps toward the target. Neurons in the subthalamic nucleus have a characteristic firing pattern, so the team can hear when the tip enters the right neighbourhood. Once the position is confirmed by recording, imaging, or both, the permanent lead is placed along the same track and anchored to the skull with a small cap that sits under the scalp.

If both sides of the brain are being treated, which is common in Parkinson’s disease because symptoms usually affect both sides, the process is repeated through a second opening. Two leads roughly double the time in the room.

Test stimulation: what it means when the team asks 'how does that feel?'

With the lead in place, the surgeon connects it to an external stimulator and turns on a low current. This is the part of the day when the patient becomes a member of the team. A neurologist or nurse specialist will hold your wrist to feel for the tremor or stiffness, ask you to open and close your hand, tap your fingers, count aloud, or read a short sentence, all while the current is adjusted.

What they are looking for is two things at once. The first is benefit: does rigidity soften, does tremor fade, do movements become quicker? Even modest improvement in the operating room is encouraging, because the final effect emerges over weeks with careful programming. The second is a map of side effects, which tells the team where the electrode sits relative to nearby structures. Tingling in the face or hand can mean the current is spreading toward sensory pathways; a pulling sensation in the face or difficulty speaking can indicate spread toward motor fibres; unexpected double vision or eye deviation suggests nearby eye-movement pathways.

None of these sensations is dangerous during testing, and they stop within seconds when the current is turned down. They are, in fact, useful information. If side effects appear at a very low setting, the team may reposition the lead by a millimetre or two before anchoring it, which is a routine adjustment rather than a complication.

You may also be asked how you feel emotionally during stimulation, because certain positions can transiently affect mood. Honest answers matter here. There is no wrong thing to say, and there is no test to pass; the team is calibrating the map with your help, and vague politeness is the only thing that hinders them.

The second stage: implanting the pulse generator and connecting the wires

Once the leads are anchored and the scalp incisions are closed, the frame is removed. If your centre implants the pulse generator on the same day, you are usually given a general anaesthetic for this part, since tunnelling wires under the skin is uncomfortable and no longer requires your feedback. If it is scheduled as a separate operation, you go to the ward and return within days or a week or two.

The pulse generator, sometimes called the neurostimulator or, informally, the battery, is a sealed metal case that contains the electronics and power source. It is placed in a pocket created under the skin just below the collarbone, on one side of the chest. Some people, particularly those who are very slim or who prefer not to have a visible bump on the chest, may be offered placement in the abdomen instead.

An extension wire is passed under the skin from the scalp, behind the ear, down the side of the neck to the generator pocket. A small incision behind the ear is often needed to help guide it. The lead in the skull is plugged into the extension, and the extension into the generator. The team then checks the electrical connections with a programmer before closing, so any fault is caught while it is easy to fix.

Generators come in rechargeable and non-rechargeable versions. Cleveland Clinic describes non-rechargeable batteries as typically lasting a few years before a minor replacement operation, and rechargeable ones lasting considerably longer, with the trade-off that the user charges the device regularly through the skin. Which type you receive is a joint decision made before surgery day, based on your lifestyle, dexterity and preference.

How long does DBS surgery take? A timeline of a typical surgery day

Timings vary widely between centres and depend on whether one or two leads are placed, whether you are awake or asleep, and whether the generator is implanted the same day. Mayo Clinic describes the operation as taking several hours. The table below shows a typical shape of the day rather than a schedule to hold anyone to.

Stage	What usually happens	Typical duration
Admission and checks	Identity confirmation, consent review, IV line, antibiotic, hair clipping	Under 1 hour
Frame or anchor placement	Local anaesthetic to scalp, frame or fiducial anchors fixed to skull	15–30 minutes
Imaging and planning	CT with frame, fusion with MRI, trajectory calculation	About 1 hour
Lead placement (one side)	Incision, skull opening, recording, test stimulation, anchoring	1–2 hours per side
Generator implantation	General anaesthetic, chest pocket, tunnelling and connection	About 1 hour
Recovery room	Monitoring, pain control, neurological checks	1–2 hours

Add these together and a full same-day, two-sided procedure with generator can run to most of a working day from arrival to arriving on the ward. Staged procedures shorten each day but add a second visit. Families are usually told to expect a long wait and to bring something to read; most teams will send periodic updates through a liaison nurse.

One reassuring detail: the parts of the day that require your active participation add up to well under an hour of concentrated effort, spread across the lead placements. The rest is either sedated, asleep or simply lying still.

What to expect after DBS surgery: the first night and first few days

Most people wake in a recovery area feeling groggy, with a headache that is usually described as dull and manageable, and a mild ache at the chest incision. Nurses check your pupils, strength and speech at regular intervals through the first night, which means being woken more often than you would like. A CT scan is frequently taken to confirm lead position and rule out bleeding.

Your usual Parkinson’s medication is typically restarted soon after surgery, at the discretion of the treating team. Some people notice that their symptoms are briefly better in the first days even with the device switched off. This is called a microlesion or stun effect: the small disturbance caused by placing the lead temporarily dampens the target area. It fades over days to weeks and is not a preview of the final result, though it can be a hopeful sign.

Hospital stay is usually short. Cleveland Clinic describes most people going home within a day or two after lead placement, provided pain is controlled, they are walking safely and there are no signs of complication. You will leave with dressings on the scalp, behind the ear and on the chest, and with clear instructions about keeping them dry and watching for infection.

Fatigue is near-universal for the first week or two and is worth planning for. Confusion, especially in older adults, can occur in the first days and generally clears, but it should always be reported. Driving is off the table until your team says otherwise, and lifting the arm on the generator side above shoulder height is often restricted for a few weeks so that the wires and the pocket can settle.

Dbs surgery recovery time: when the device is switched on and programmed

The day itself is only the first act. Mayo Clinic describes the stimulator being turned on a few weeks after implantation, once brain swelling around the leads has settled and the stun effect has faded, so that the team can judge the true effect of the electricity. Until then, the device sits quietly, and your medication carries on doing its job.

The first programming session is usually the longest. A movement disorders specialist connects a handheld programmer to the generator through the skin and works through each of the contacts on each lead, adjusting settings while watching your movement and asking about sensations. It can take a couple of hours and can be tiring, particularly if you have been asked to come with medication worn off so that the effect of stimulation is easier to see.

Adjustment is a process, not an event. Several sessions over the first months are typical, as stimulation is increased gradually and medication is adjusted alongside by the prescribing neurologist. Many people are able to reduce their medication over time, though how much varies enormously and is never a target set on surgery day. The NHS notes that DBS does not stop the underlying progression of Parkinson’s; it aims to control symptoms and improve quality of life while the condition continues its own course.

You will be taught to use a patient controller, which allows you to check the battery, switch the device off and on, and in some systems move between preset programs within limits the team defines. Recharging, if you have a rechargeable generator, becomes a routine like charging a phone. Expect follow-up to continue indefinitely, and expect settings to be revisited as your Parkinson’s changes over years.

Risks and alternatives, explained in neutral terms

Any honest account of surgery day has to include what can go wrong. Mayo Clinic lists the recognised surgical risks of DBS as bleeding in the brain, stroke, infection, breathing problems, nausea, heart problems and seizure. Bleeding around the electrode track is the most serious of these because it can cause lasting weakness or speech problems, which is why blood thinners are managed so carefully beforehand and why a CT scan is routinely taken afterwards.

Hardware carries its own risks over time: infection around the generator or wires, which may require the device to be removed and later replaced; a lead moving or fracturing; skin erosion over the hardware; and battery depletion. These are the reasons follow-up never really ends.

Stimulation-related side effects tend to be adjustable rather than permanent. They include tingling, muscle tightness, speech changes, balance difficulty, double vision, mood change and, in some people, impulsive behaviour or apathy. Because these depend on the settings, most are addressed by reprogramming, though speech and balance can be harder to fully separate from benefit.

Alternatives exist, and a fair discussion should cover them. Medication optimisation, including adjusting timings and combining drug classes, remains the mainstay for most people. Continuous infusion therapies deliver dopamine-related medication steadily through a pump under the skin or into the small intestine, avoiding the peaks and troughs of tablets. Focused ultrasound is a non-incisional procedure that creates a precise lesion in the thalamus and is primarily used for tremor on one side. Each option has its own profile, and the right one depends on your symptoms, your other health conditions and your priorities, weighed with your treating team.

What people often get wrong about DBS for Parkinson's

It is not a fix for the disease. DBS treats symptoms; it does not halt the loss of dopamine-producing cells. Symptoms that do not respond to levodopa, and non-motor problems such as constipation, sleep disturbance and cognitive change, are largely unaffected. Expecting otherwise sets people up for disappointment.

Awake does not mean feeling the operation. The brain has no pain receptors. What awake patients experience is pressure, noise and a very strange kind of teamwork, not surgical pain. Sedation is used for the genuinely uncomfortable steps.

The device is not switched on and left alone. Programming continues for months, and settings are revisited for years. Anyone who tells you the results are all determined on surgery day is describing a different procedure.

Michael J. Fox did not have DBS. The actor has spoken publicly about undergoing a thalamotomy in the late 1990s, a lesioning procedure that destroys a small area of the thalamus to reduce tremor on one side. It is a different operation, older than modern DBS, and it is irreversible, whereas stimulation can be adjusted or switched off. People often assume his experience is a template for DBS; it is not.

Only a minority of people with Parkinson’s have DBS. Exact percentages vary between countries and healthcare systems and no single reliable figure exists, but the procedure is reserved for carefully selected candidates, so most people with Parkinson’s will manage their condition with medication and never come near an operating room.

Having had Parkinson’s for a long time is not, by itself, disqualifying. What matters is whether your symptoms still respond to levodopa and whether thinking and mood are stable. Duration of disease is one factor among many.

Questions to ask your care team before surgery day

Good teams expect questions and answer them without hurry. Bring this list to your pre-operative visit, add your own, and write the answers down; anaesthesia and anxiety are both unkind to memory.

• Which brain target are you planning for me, and why that one rather than the alternative?
• Will I be awake for the lead placement, asleep, or a mixture? What will I hear and feel, and who will be talking to me?
• Will the generator be implanted on the same day or at a separate operation? If separate, how many days apart?
• Exactly which of my medicines should I take, and which should I hold, on the night before and the morning of surgery?
• What is your plan if I become very stiff or my tremor becomes severe while I am off medication in the operating room?
• How will you confirm the electrodes are in the right place before you finish?
• What complications do you watch for in the first 24 hours, and what will I be able to feel or notice myself?
• How long do you expect me to stay in hospital, and what would delay discharge?
• When will the device be switched on, how long will the first programming visit take, and should I come with medication worn off?
• Rechargeable or non-rechargeable generator: which are you recommending for me, and what does daily life with each look like?
• Which of my current symptoms do you expect stimulation to help, and which do you expect it not to help?
• Who do I call, at any hour, if something worries me after I go home?

One more, often left unasked: how many DBS procedures does this team perform, and how do you review your own outcomes? It is a reasonable professional question, not an insult, and the answer tells you a great deal about the culture you are entering.

When to call your doctor after DBS surgery

Most recoveries are uneventful, but a small number of problems need prompt attention, and the first two weeks are when they are most likely to appear. You should have a direct contact number for the DBS team before you leave hospital; if you do not, ask for one.

Seek emergency care immediately, by calling your local emergency number, if you or those around you notice sudden weakness or numbness on one side of the body, sudden difficulty speaking or understanding speech, a severe or rapidly worsening headache, a seizure, sudden confusion or drowsiness that is hard to rouse, or any loss of consciousness. These can indicate bleeding in the brain and cannot wait for a clinic appointment.

Contact your surgical team the same day for signs of infection: increasing redness, warmth, swelling or discharge at any of the incisions, a fever, or a wound that reopens. Fluid collecting under the skin over the generator, skin that looks thin or discoloured over any part of the hardware, or a wire that feels newly prominent or painful under the skin should also be reported promptly rather than watched.

Call your neurologist if your Parkinson’s symptoms worsen sharply, if you develop new mood changes such as marked low mood, agitation or thoughts of self-harm, if you notice persistent double vision, or if you have trouble swallowing. Once the device is programmed, a sudden return of symptoms may mean the stimulator has switched off or the battery has run down, so check your controller and contact the team.

Every one of these signs may turn out to have a harmless explanation. Your team would far rather hear about a false alarm than learn later that something was ignored.

Frequently asked questions

What should I expect after DBS surgery in the first week?

Expect a dull headache, soreness at the chest incision, tiredness and disrupted sleep, with most people leaving hospital within a day or two according to Cleveland Clinic. The device is usually switched off during this time. Some people notice a brief improvement in symptoms from the lead placement itself, which fades. Wounds must be kept dry, arm movement on the generator side is often restricted, and any confusion, fever or wound changes should be reported.

How long does DBS surgery take from start to finish?

Mayo Clinic describes DBS as taking several hours. The exact length depends on whether one or two leads are placed, whether the procedure is awake or asleep, and whether the generator is implanted on the same day or at a separate operation. Including frame placement, imaging, planning and recovery-room time, families should plan for most of a day, and the team will usually provide updates through a liaison nurse.

Awake vs asleep DBS surgery: which is better?

Neither approach is universally superior; the choice depends on the centre’s expertise and on patient factors. Awake surgery allows the team to record brain cell activity and test stimulation with your feedback. Asleep surgery relies on intraoperative imaging to confirm lead position and suits people with severe anxiety, breathing problems when lying flat, or tremor too violent to lie still. Cleveland Clinic notes both methods are in use; ask which your team plans.

What is the DBS surgery recovery time before I feel the benefit?

Benefit builds gradually rather than arriving on surgery day. Mayo Clinic describes the stimulator being turned on a few weeks after surgery, followed by several programming sessions over the first months as settings and medication are adjusted together. Wound healing takes about two weeks, fatigue often lasts longer, and the final balance of stimulation and medication is usually reached over several months. Follow-up then continues indefinitely.

Did Michael J. Fox have brain surgery for Parkinson's disease?

Yes, but not deep brain stimulation. The actor has publicly described having a thalamotomy in the late 1990s, a lesioning procedure that destroys a tiny area of the thalamus to reduce tremor on one side. Unlike DBS, a thalamotomy is irreversible and involves no implanted hardware. His experience is often mistaken for DBS, but the two procedures differ in method, adjustability and what they aim to treat.

What percentage of Parkinson's patients have DBS surgery?

Only a small minority, and no single reliable percentage applies across countries. Uptake depends on referral patterns, healthcare systems and strict selection criteria: a clear diagnosis, symptoms that still respond to levodopa, and stable thinking and mood. The NHS positions DBS as an option for people whose symptoms are not adequately controlled by medication, which means most people with Parkinson’s manage their condition without ever being referred for surgery.

Is there financial help for people with Parkinson's considering DBS?

Support varies widely by country and insurer, so the reliable route is to ask the hospital’s social worker or patient liaison team, who can explain coverage and any assistance programs relevant to where you live. National Parkinson’s charities also provide guidance on benefits and practical support. Because arrangements differ so much, no general figure or scheme can be quoted here; your care team can point you to the right local resources.

Will I feel the electrodes going into my brain?

No. The brain itself has no pain receptors, so once the scalp and skull are numbed with local anaesthetic, the passage of the electrode is not felt. Awake patients describe pressure, the sound and vibration of the drill, and odd sensations during test stimulation such as tingling or a pulling feeling in the face, all of which stop when the current is lowered. Sedation covers the uncomfortable steps.

Does DBS mean I can stop taking Parkinson's medication?

Usually not entirely. Many people are able to reduce medication over time as stimulation is programmed, but the amount varies enormously and any change is made gradually by the prescribing neurologist, never by the patient alone. Some symptoms respond better to medication, some to stimulation, and most people end up with a combination. The NHS notes that DBS does not stop the underlying progression of Parkinson’s disease.

What are the most serious risks on DBS surgery day?

Mayo Clinic lists bleeding in the brain, stroke, infection, breathing problems, nausea, heart problems and seizure as recognised surgical risks. Bleeding along the electrode track is the most serious because it can cause lasting weakness or speech difficulty, which is why blood thinners are carefully managed beforehand and a CT scan is usually taken afterward. Longer-term hardware risks include infection, lead movement and battery depletion.

References

• Parkinson's disease: Treatment, NHS
• Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS), Cleveland Clinic
• Parkinson's Disease, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NIH)
• Deep brain stimulation, MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia

This article is for general information only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Please consult a qualified doctor about your individual situation.