Non-Surgical vs Surgical Peri-Implantitis Treatment: How Dentists Decide Which You Need

The hygienist’s probe slides down the side of a molar implant placed six years ago, and the number she calls out is bigger than last time. There is a little bleeding, a slight ache when chewing on that side, and a word on the treatment note that most people have never heard: peri-implantitis. The next sentence from the dentist is the one that sticks. “We can try to clean this without surgery, but we may need to open it up.”

That fork in the road is the whole subject of this article. Non surgical vs surgical peri implantitis treatment is not a contest between a gentle option and a drastic one. It is a sequence, guided by a few measurable things: how deep the pocket is, how much bone has gone, what shape the defect has taken and whether the implant surface can actually be reached.

Here is how the decision is made, what each pathway involves, what the evidence honestly supports, and which questions are worth asking before anyone picks up an instrument.

What is peri-implantitis, and why does it behave differently from gum disease around teeth?

Peri-implantitis is inflammation of the gum and bone around a dental implant that leads to progressive loss of the bone supporting it. Its milder cousin, peri-implant mucositis, is inflammation of the soft tissue only, with no bone loss. The distinction matters because mucositis can settle completely once the plaque driving it is removed, while lost bone does not grow back on its own.

A natural tooth is anchored by a periodontal ligament, a thin cushion of fibers that carries a rich blood supply and a built-in defense system. An implant has none of that. It sits in direct contact with bone, and the gum around it is attached more loosely, with fewer blood vessels. Bacteria that would meet stiff resistance around a tooth find a quieter neighborhood around an implant, and inflammation can reach bone with less warning.

Then there is the implant surface itself. Modern implants are deliberately roughened at a microscopic level so bone can lock onto them during healing. Once that rough, threaded surface is exposed to the mouth, it becomes an excellent shelter for bacterial film, and an awkward one to clean.

This is not a rare problem. A review of population studies summarized in the 2018 World Workshop classification estimated that roughly 1 in 5 implant patients show peri-implantitis at some point, with wide variation between studies depending on how the condition was defined (Schwarz et al., 2018). The workshop’s case definition combines bleeding or pus on gentle probing, deeper pockets than at a baseline check, and bone loss on X-ray beyond the small remodeling expected in the first year. When no baseline exists, clinicians look for bone loss of about 3 mm or more together with pockets of about 6 mm or more (Berglundh et al., 2018).

Non surgical vs surgical peri implantitis treatment: what each actually involves

Strip away the terminology and the two pathways share one purpose: get bacterial film and hardened deposits off the implant surface so the tissue can calm down, then keep them off.

Non-surgical treatment does this through the existing gum opening. The clinician uses hand or powered instruments made of, or tipped with, materials that will not gouge titanium, such as plastic, carbon fiber or titanium alloy, to scrape the exposed threads. Fine air-abrasive powders may be sprayed into the pocket to dislodge film from grooves the instruments miss. The gum is not cut, and the patient typically has local anesthetic, a numbing injection, for comfort. It is essentially a deep cleaning aimed at a very difficult surface.

Surgical treatment begins from the recognition that a pocket several millimeters deep, wrapped around threads, cannot be seen. The gum is lifted back in a small flap under local anesthetic, the inflamed tissue lining the defect is removed, and the implant surface is cleaned in direct view. From there the surgeon has choices, discussed later, ranging from simply closing the flap to reshaping the bone or attempting to rebuild it.

The European Federation of Periodontology’s S3 clinical practice guideline, a graded consensus based on systematic reviews, describes this as a stepwise approach: control risk factors, deliver non-surgical therapy, re-evaluate, and move to surgery only where the disease has not resolved (Herrera et al., 2023). The guideline is candid that non-surgical treatment alone frequently fails to fully resolve peri-implantitis, especially at deeper sites, which is precisely why the re-evaluation step is built in rather than optional.

How do dentists decide between non-surgical and surgical treatment?

Patients often imagine the decision as a judgment call about temperament. In practice it rests on a handful of measurements taken with a probe and an X-ray, plus a frank look at the whole mouth.

The first is probing depth, the distance from the gum edge to the bottom of the pocket. Shallow, bleeding sites with little bone loss are the natural territory of non-surgical care, because instruments can plausibly reach the contaminated surface. Deep pockets surrounding much of the implant argue for surgery, since blind cleaning at that depth is a guess.

The second is the amount and pattern of bone loss on a radiograph, a dental X-ray. A defect shaped like a narrow crater with intact bone walls behaves very differently from a broad, saucer-shaped loss with no walls at all. Crater-type defects are the ones where rebuilding bone is even attempted; flat, wall-less defects are usually managed by reshaping or by accepting a lower bone level.

The third is the restoration sitting on the implant. If the crown or bridge overhangs, traps floss or blocks access, cleaning attempts will fail until it is modified or temporarily removed. Reviewing the restoration’s design is a named step in the S3 guideline before active therapy begins (Herrera et al., 2023).

Finally, the person. Smoking, poorly controlled diabetes, a history of periodontitis around natural teeth, and the ability to clean the area at home each shift the odds. A surgeon will rarely open a site while heavy plaque persists elsewhere, because the surgical wound would be recolonized within days.

The sequence is therefore less “choose one” than “earn the right to the next step”: non-surgical care almost always comes first, and its result, judged after healing, decides what follows.

What are the non-surgical treatment options for peri-implantitis?

Non-surgical therapy is a bundle rather than a single act. Guidelines group the components into three broad categories that mirror the classic non-surgical periodontal treatments used around teeth: mechanical debridement, chemical or antiseptic measures, and the patient’s own plaque control (Herrera et al., 2023).

Mechanical debridement is the core. Curettes shaped for implants, ultrasonic instruments fitted with soft tips, and air-polishing devices using low-abrasive powders are used alone or in combination. Rotating titanium brushes, tiny bottle-brush-like tools, have also been used to scrub threads within the pocket. None of these has been shown to be clearly superior to the others in systematic reviews; the guideline’s position is that the method matters less than achieving a clean surface.

Antiseptic measures include rinsing or irrigating the pocket with agents such as chlorhexidine, a broad-spectrum antiseptic used widely in dentistry. The evidence for a measurable extra benefit over mechanical cleaning alone is weak, and the guideline does not recommend routine use of adjunctive antiseptics in this setting (Herrera et al., 2023). A clinician may still choose one for a particular reason, and that is a conversation to have with them.

The third pillar is the patient’s cleaning. Interdental brushes sized to the gap, single-tufted brushes for the gumline behind a bridge, and floss threaded under connected crowns are demonstrated and rehearsed. The restoration may be adjusted or temporarily removed to make this possible.

Expect at least one follow-up visit to re-measure. Sites that stop bleeding and stabilize enter maintenance. Sites that keep bleeding, discharge pus or show deeper pockets are the ones flagged for surgical review.

Do lasers, antibiotics or other add-ons improve non-surgical peri-implantitis treatment?

This is where hope and evidence part company most often, so the language here is deliberately careful.

Lasers, including diode and erbium types, have been tested for their ability to disinfect implant surfaces. Photodynamic therapy, in which a light-activated dye is placed in the pocket and then illuminated, has been tested for the same purpose. Systematic reviews feeding into the S3 guideline found no consistent additional benefit for either approach over well-performed mechanical debridement, and the guideline advises against recommending them as routine adjuncts (Herrera et al., 2023). That does not make them harmful; it means the evidence does not show they add enough to justify routine use.

Locally delivered antimicrobials, such as slow-release antibiotic fibers or chips placed inside the pocket, have shown small, inconsistent improvements in some trials. The guideline treats them as options a clinician may consider in selected cases rather than standard care.

Systemic antibiotics, tablets taken by mouth, are the add-on patients ask about most. The common assumption is that an infection near bone must need them. The systematic review evidence tells a different story: when systemic antibiotics were combined with non-surgical peri-implantitis therapy, they did not produce a meaningful improvement in bleeding, pocket depth or bone levels compared with debridement alone. On that basis the guideline recommends against their use as an adjunct to non-surgical treatment (Herrera et al., 2023). For surgical treatment the evidence is judged too thin to make a firm recommendation either way, and the decision is left to the operating clinician.

The practical lesson is that the physical removal of bacterial film from the metal surface, not a chemical or a light, is what the evidence rewards. Any prescription decision belongs to the treating dentist, weighing individual circumstances such as spreading infection or a compromised immune system.

Who is usually offered non-surgical treatment first, and who is usually asked to wait?

Nearly everyone starts with non-surgical care, but the reasons for pausing before surgery are worth understanding, because they are rarely arbitrary.

Non-surgical treatment is the standard opening for anyone with a confirmed diagnosis, regardless of how deep the pocket is. Even where surgery looks likely, a first round of debridement reduces inflammation, lets the gum firm up, and gives the surgeon healthier tissue to work with. It also reveals whether the patient can maintain cleaning at home, which predicts how any later surgery will fare.

Patients typically asked to wait, or to complete other steps first, include people who smoke, where surgeons will often ask for a serious attempt at quitting because smoking impairs gum and bone healing and is a recognized risk factor for peri-implant disease (Mayo Clinic). People with diabetes whose blood glucose is poorly controlled fall into a similar category; both the S3 guideline and general surgical practice favor optimizing control before elective bone surgery (Herrera et al., 2023).

Anyone with active periodontitis around their remaining natural teeth is usually treated for that first. Operating on one implant while untreated disease persists elsewhere invites reinfection.

Medication history shapes the timing too. People taking, or who have taken, bone-modifying medicines such as bisphosphonates or antiresorptive injections, or antiangiogenic cancer therapies, carry a recognized risk of impaired jawbone healing. Surgeons will want to review that history, often with the prescribing physician, before any bone surgery. Whether and when to proceed is their joint decision, never something to adjust independently.

Finally, a patient who cannot or does not wish to commit to maintenance visits is usually counseled honestly that surgery without follow-up tends to lose its gains.

What happens during surgical peri-implantitis treatment?

Once the gum is lifted and the defect is visible, the surgeon picks one of three broad strategies, sometimes combining them at a single implant.

Access flap surgery is the simplest. The inflamed tissue is removed, the implant surface is cleaned with instruments, brushes, air-abrasion or saline-soaked gauze, and the flap is stitched back in roughly its original position. The aim is thorough decontamination without changing the bone shape.

Resective surgery goes further. Where the defect is shallow and saucer-shaped, the surgeon may smooth the bone edges and position the gum lower, so the previously buried, contaminated part of the implant becomes cleanable from outside the mouth. In some cases the exposed threads are polished flat, a step called implantoplasty, to leave a smooth surface that resists plaque. The trade-off is cosmetic: more metal may show, which matters far more at the front of the mouth than at the back.

Reconstructive surgery attempts to rebuild lost bone. After cleaning, a bone graft material, sometimes covered with a membrane that keeps gum cells out while bone heals, is packed into the defect. This is generally reserved for crater-like defects with surviving bone walls to contain the graft. Reviews summarized in the S3 guideline found reconstructive procedures can reduce pocket depth and improve radiographic bone fill compared with access surgery alone in suitable defects, though results vary considerably and complete regeneration is not the norm (Herrera et al., 2023).

Most of these procedures take place under local anesthetic in a dental chair, with sedation available for anxious patients. The crown may be removed beforehand to improve access and re-fitted later. Which approach is used is determined in the operating moment by what the surgeon actually sees, which is one reason a consent conversation should cover all three.

Non-surgical vs surgical peri-implantitis treatment at a glance

The table below condenses the practical differences. It reflects guideline-level generalizations, and individual cases will differ.

Feature	Non-surgical treatment	Surgical treatment
Usual place in sequence	First step for nearly every case	After non-surgical care fails to resolve bleeding or deep pockets
What happens	Cleaning of the implant surface through the gum opening, plus antiseptic rinses in some cases	Gum lifted for direct cleaning; bone reshaped or grafted where indicated
Anesthetic	Local numbing, sometimes none for shallow sites	Local numbing, optional sedation
Best suited to	Shallow pockets, early bone loss, good access	Deep pockets, defects visible on X-ray, threads that cannot be reached
Main limitation	Blind cleaning of rough threads; incomplete resolution common at deeper sites	Surgical wound, swelling, possible gum recession and visible metal
Add-ons with guideline support	None recommended routinely; systemic antibiotics not recommended	Bone grafts for contained defects; evidence on antibiotics insufficient
Recovery	Mild tenderness for a day or two	Swelling and discomfort typically settle over one to two weeks; sutures often removed at 1–2 weeks
Follow-up	Re-evaluation visit, then maintenance	Wound checks, then maintenance at regular intervals

Two points deserve emphasis. First, the rows are not alternatives at equal standing; surgery is a second stage, and every surgical patient has already had the first. Second, the “recovery” and “follow-up” rows describe typical experiences drawn from general dental surgery guidance (Mayo Clinic; Cleveland Clinic), not guarantees. The single most consistent finding across the evidence base is that whichever route is taken, results hold only when regular professional cleaning and home care follow (Herrera et al., 2023).

How to reverse peri-implantitis: what reversal really means

Type this question into a search engine and the results promise a great deal. It helps to separate what can and cannot be turned back.

Inflammation is reversible. Bleeding on probing, redness, swelling and tenderness are signs of active inflammation, and they can resolve once the bacterial film is removed and kept away. Clinicians use disappearance of bleeding and pus, together with stable or shallower pockets, as the working definition of successful treatment (Herrera et al., 2023).

Bone loss is a different matter. Bone that has receded from an implant does not regrow spontaneously, and even reconstructive surgery aims to fill part of the defect rather than restore the original level. Radiographic bone gain after grafting is real in selected cases, but it is variable and rarely complete. Anyone told that their bone will be “back to normal” should ask what evidence supports that for their specific defect shape.

Peri-implant mucositis, the stage before bone loss, is where the word “reversible” is most accurate. Treating it promptly is the closest thing to preventing peri-implantitis rather than reacting to it, which is why bleeding around an implant at a routine check deserves attention rather than a shrug.

Disease can also return. Studies following patients after treatment show that sites which stopped bleeding can flare again, particularly in smokers and in people whose maintenance visits lapse. That is why guidelines describe the goal as long-term control rather than a one-off fix.

The honest answer to “how to reverse peri-implantitis” is therefore: the inflammation, often; the bone, partially and only sometimes; and neither for long without ongoing care.

What do the days and weeks after treatment usually look like?

After non-surgical debridement, most people describe the following day or two as similar to a thorough scaling: tenderness at the gumline, some sensitivity to cold, and a little bleeding when brushing. Clinicians typically ask patients to keep cleaning the area gently rather than avoid it, and may suggest a mouth rinse for a short period. A re-evaluation visit is scheduled after the tissue has had time to heal, usually a matter of weeks, so the probe measures a settled gum rather than a bruised one.

Peri-implantitis surgery recovery follows the general pattern of minor oral surgery. Swelling tends to peak around the second or third day and then subsides; bruising can appear on the cheek; and eating on the treated side is uncomfortable for several days. Dental surgical guidance from major centers describes sutures being removed or dissolving within about 1–2 weeks and soft tissue healing well underway by then, with bone healing continuing quietly for months (Mayo Clinic; Cleveland Clinic). Cold compresses in the first day, soft foods, and avoiding brushing directly over the wound until told otherwise are standard advice. Pain control is typically managed with medicines the surgeon recommends; choosing them is their role, and following the label matters.

Some gum recession after surgery is expected, especially after resective procedures, and the implant may look longer or show a rim of metal. This is usually anticipated and discussed beforehand.

The phase that actually decides the outcome starts once the wound is closed. Supportive peri-implant care, meaning professional cleaning and re-measurement at regular intervals, is a named component of treatment in the S3 guideline, not an optional extra; intervals are individualized to risk but commonly fall every few months in the first year (Herrera et al., 2023). Patients who attend these visits consistently have better long-term stability in follow-up studies than those who do not.

What are the risks and alternatives, including removing the implant?

Every option here carries trade-offs, and a good consent conversation names them plainly.

Non-surgical treatment is low-risk. The main hazards are scratching the implant surface with inappropriate metal instruments, which can make it harder to keep clean, and the risk of doing too little: false reassurance while bone continues to recede beneath a gum that looks calmer. That is why re-measuring rather than relying on appearance is essential.

Surgical treatment adds the ordinary risks of oral surgery: bleeding, infection of the wound, swelling, temporary or occasionally prolonged numbness if a nerve runs nearby in the lower jaw, and sinus involvement for some upper-jaw implants (Mayo Clinic). Specific to peri-implantitis surgery are gum recession, visible implant threads, and the possibility that a graft does not integrate and has to be removed. If threads are polished during implantoplasty, tiny titanium particles are generated; their long-term significance is debated and not settled by current evidence.

The alternative that nobody wants to discuss is removal of the implant. When bone loss involves most of the implant’s length, when it has become loose, or when repeated treatment has failed, explantation may be the least harmful choice. It clears the infection, preserves what bone remains for a possible future implant or a different type of replacement such as a bridge or denture, and ends a cycle of treatment that is not working. Clinicians weigh this against the patient’s wishes, the implant’s role in supporting a larger prosthesis, and general health.

Doing nothing is also an alternative, and it deserves honest framing: peri-implantitis tends to progress, in some cases quickly, and the longer it runs the fewer options remain (Schwarz et al., 2018).

What people often get wrong about peri-implantitis treatment

Several beliefs surface again and again in the consultation room, and each shapes decisions in unhelpful ways.

“An implant cannot get gum disease because it is not a tooth.” It cannot decay, but the tissue around it can absolutely become inflamed, and with fewer natural defenses than a tooth enjoys. A history of periodontitis around natural teeth is one of the strongest predictors of peri-implantitis (Schwarz et al., 2018).

“Antibiotics will clear it up.” Bacteria living in a structured film on a metal surface are largely shielded from drugs circulating in the blood. Systematic review evidence shows no meaningful added benefit from systemic antibiotics alongside non-surgical treatment, and guidelines recommend against routine use (Herrera et al., 2023). Physical cleaning does the work.

“Surgery means the implant has failed.” Surgery is a stage of treatment for an implant that is still integrated in bone. Failure is a different thing: an implant that is loose or has lost most of its support.

“Lasers are the modern answer.” Lasers have their uses in dentistry, but for decontaminating implant surfaces the evidence has not shown superiority over conventional methods (Herrera et al., 2023). A clinic offering laser treatment is not necessarily wrong to do so, but it is not offering something proven to work better.

“Once treated, it is over.” The disease can return, particularly if maintenance visits lapse. Treatment buys stability; maintenance keeps it.

“If it does not hurt, it is fine.” Peri-implantitis is frequently painless until late. Bleeding, a bad taste, or a slightly changed feel when chewing are more typical early signs than pain, which is why regular professional measurement matters more than waiting for symptoms.

Questions to ask your care team

Consultations move quickly, and the useful questions tend to surface in the car afterwards. Bringing a short list changes that. These are the ones that experienced patients and clinicians consistently find most valuable.

• How deep are the pockets around this implant, and how much bone has been lost compared with the X-ray taken when it was placed?
• Is this peri-implant mucositis or peri-implantitis, and how confident are you in that distinction?
• What shape is the bone defect, and does that shape make rebuilding bone a realistic option or not?
• Does the crown or bridge need to be adjusted or removed to allow proper cleaning, now or during treatment?
• What exactly will the non-surgical stage involve, and how many visits should I expect before you re-measure?
• What result at re-evaluation would lead you to recommend surgery, and what result would mean we continue with maintenance?
• If surgery is needed, which of the three approaches, access, resective or reconstructive, do you anticipate, and what might change your mind once you see the site?
• Will the implant look different afterwards, and how much metal might become visible?
• Which of my medicines or health conditions affect timing or healing, and do you need to speak with my physician?
• How often will I need supportive care visits afterwards, and who will carry them out?
• At what point would you consider removing the implant, and what would replace it?

Two further points are worth raising even if they feel awkward. Ask about smoking honestly if it applies, because it changes the plan. And ask what the clinician would advise if it were their own mouth; most will answer candidly, and the answer often reveals how confident they are in each option.

When to call your doctor

Most recovery after peri-implantitis treatment is uneventful, but certain signs mean the treating dentist or surgeon should hear from you promptly rather than at the next scheduled visit.

Call the same day, or seek urgent dental or medical care if the practice is closed, for any of the following: bleeding from the surgical site that does not stop with firm pressure on clean gauze for twenty minutes; swelling that keeps increasing after the third day, spreads towards the eye or down the neck, or makes swallowing or breathing feel difficult; fever with a spreading, hot, red area of the face; pus or a foul taste that persists or worsens after the first few days; a graft material or membrane becoming visible or falling out; or numbness of the lip, chin or tongue that has not begun to improve within the timeframe the surgeon described. Difficulty breathing or swallowing is an emergency and warrants emergency services, not a dental appointment.

Between visits, at any stage of treatment or maintenance, contact the care team if the implant or its crown feels loose or moves when touched; if bleeding around it returns after having settled; if the gum recedes noticeably over weeks; if there is persistent bad breath or discharge localized to the implant; or if chewing on that side becomes painful. These are not automatically signs of failure, but each is a reason to re-measure sooner.

Anyone taking bone-modifying or immune-suppressing medicines who notices exposed bone, persistent non-healing or new jaw pain after treatment should tell both the dentist and the prescribing physician. As with every decision described in this article, what to do next rests with the treating team, who can see the site and know the history.

Frequently asked questions

What are the non-surgical treatment options for peri-implantitis?

Non-surgical options center on cleaning the exposed implant surface through the gum opening using implant-safe curettes, ultrasonic tips or air-abrasive powders, combined with instruction in home cleaning and sometimes an antiseptic rinse. The crown may be adjusted to improve access. Guidelines treat this as the first stage for nearly all cases, followed by re-measurement to decide whether surgery is needed.

What are three non-surgical periodontal treatments used around implants?

The three pillars are mechanical debridement (scraping or air-polishing the implant surface), chemical or antiseptic measures such as pocket irrigation, and patient plaque control using interdental brushes, single-tufted brushes and floss threaders. Of these, mechanical cleaning carries the strongest evidence; antiseptics and other add-ons have not shown a consistent extra benefit in systematic reviews.

How to reverse peri-implantitis?

The inflammation can be reversed: bleeding, swelling and pus can resolve once bacterial film is thoroughly removed and kept away. The bone loss cannot reverse on its own, and even reconstructive surgery aims to fill part of the defect rather than restore the original level. Long-term control depends on regular professional maintenance and daily cleaning, since treated sites can flare again.

What antibiotic treats peri-implantitis?

No single antibiotic is established as a treatment. Systematic reviews behind the European S3 guideline found that adding systemic antibiotics to non-surgical cleaning did not meaningfully improve outcomes, so their routine use is not recommended. The bacteria live in a film shielded on the metal surface, which is why physical removal matters most. Any prescription decision rests with the treating dentist.

What are the main peri-implantitis treatment options overall?

Options run in sequence: risk factor control such as smoking cessation and diabetes management, non-surgical cleaning of the implant surface, then, if disease persists, surgery. Surgery may be an access flap for direct cleaning, resective reshaping of bone and gum, or reconstruction with bone graft in suitable defects. Removing the implant is considered when bone loss is extensive or the implant is loose.

Do peri-implantitis antibiotics ever have a role?

Locally delivered antimicrobials placed inside the pocket have shown small, inconsistent gains in some trials and are considered case by case. For surgical treatment, evidence on systemic antibiotics is judged insufficient to recommend for or against, so surgeons decide individually, often based on spreading infection or a compromised immune system. None of this replaces thorough mechanical cleaning.

How long does peri-implantitis surgery recovery take?

General dental surgery guidance describes swelling peaking around days two to three and easing over the first week, with sutures removed or dissolving within about one to two weeks and soft tissue healing well underway by then. Bone healing continues quietly for months. Experiences vary with the extent of surgery and personal health, and the surgeon’s own instructions take precedence.

Can peri-implantitis be treated without surgery?

Sometimes, particularly at shallow sites with limited bone loss and good access. Non-surgical debridement often reduces bleeding and inflammation, but guidelines note it frequently fails to fully resolve disease at deeper pockets, because rough threads cannot be reached blind. That is why a re-evaluation visit is built in: it shows whether cleaning alone has worked or whether surgery is warranted.

Does peri-implantitis mean the implant has failed?

No. Peri-implantitis affects the tissue and bone around an implant that is still integrated and functioning. Failure means the implant has lost integration and is loose or has lost most of its supporting bone. Treatment, including surgery, aims to stop progression before that point. Removal is considered only when bone loss is extensive or repeated treatment has not controlled the disease.

How is peri-implantitis diagnosed?

Clinicians combine gentle probing around the implant, noting bleeding, pus and pocket depth, with a dental X-ray compared against earlier films. The 2018 World Workshop definition requires bleeding or pus plus increased probing depth and bone loss beyond early remodeling; without a baseline, bone loss of about 3 mm with pockets of about 6 mm is used. Only the examining dentist can make the diagnosis.

References

• Herrera D et al. Prevention and treatment of peri-implant diseases: The EFP S3 level clinical practice guideline. J Clin Periodontol (PubMed)
• Schwarz F, Derks J, Monje A, Wang HL. Peri-implantitis. J Clin Periodontol 2018 World Workshop (PubMed)
• Berglundh T et al. Peri-implant diseases and conditions: Consensus report of workgroup 4 of the 2017 World Workshop (PubMed)
• Cleveland Clinic: Dental Implants

This article is for general information only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Please consult a qualified doctor about your individual situation.