Why Does a Shoulder Keep Dislocating? Recurrent Instability and When Surgery Is Advised

The second time is the one people remember. The first dislocation had a story attached: a tackle, a fall from a bike, an awkward reach behind the car seat. The second one happened putting on a coat. That gap between how hard the injury was and how little it took to repeat is the whole puzzle of recurrent shoulder dislocation, and it is the reason a 19-year-old rugby player and a 55-year-old gardener can be sitting in the same orthopedic clinic asking the same question.

Both of them want to know whether the shoulder will settle down on its own or whether they are heading for an operation. Both have heard confident opinions from teammates, relatives and online forums. Very little of it is wrong outright, but most of it skips the part that matters: what is actually damaged inside the joint, and how that damage changes the odds.

This explainer walks through the anatomy, the evidence on who keeps dislocating, what surgery involves, and the questions worth bringing to your own care team.

Why does a shoulder keep dislocating after the first time?

Picture a golf ball resting on a tee. The ball is the rounded head of the upper arm bone (the humerus), and the tee is the glenoid, a shallow dish on the outer edge of the shoulder blade. That shape is why the shoulder can reach overhead, behind the back and across the body, and it is also why it is the most commonly dislocated joint in the body, according to Cleveland Clinic.

Because the socket is so shallow, the shoulder relies on soft tissue to stay put. A rim of cartilage called the labrum deepens the dish. A sleeve of ligaments and connective tissue called the capsule wraps the joint like a cuff. Around all of that sit the rotator cuff muscles, which pull the ball into the socket with every movement.

A dislocation means the ball has come completely out of the socket. In the large majority of cases it comes out toward the front, an anterior dislocation, typically when the arm is forced up and back. On the way out, the ball tends to peel the labrum off the front rim of the socket and stretch the capsule. Mayo Clinic describes exactly this sequence: torn ligaments, a damaged labrum and a joint that is then prone to repeat dislocations.

Here is the point that changes everything. Ligaments that have been stretched do not shrink back to their original tension on their own, and a labrum that has been torn away from bone may heal in the wrong place or not at all. The tee has been chipped and the strap that held the ball is looser. The second dislocation therefore needs far less force than the first, which is exactly what people describe when a coat sleeve or a swimming stroke does what a tackle once did.

What actually happens inside a recurrent shoulder dislocation

Surgeons tend to talk about three kinds of damage, and understanding them explains almost every treatment decision that follows.

The first is a Bankart lesion, the name given to the labrum being torn from the front lower edge of the socket. Cleveland Clinic lists it as the classic injury behind anterior instability. Once the labrum has detached, the ligaments anchored to it slacken as well, so the front of the joint loses its main restraint.

The second is a Hill-Sachs lesion, a dent pressed into the back of the ball where it was jammed against the hard rim of the socket during the dislocation. On its own a small dent rarely matters. A large one can act like a notch that catches on the socket edge when the arm is raised and turned outward, levering the ball out again.

The third is bone loss from the socket itself. Each dislocation can chip or wear away the front rim of the glenoid. Think of a bowl with a piece broken from one side: the ball simply rolls out through the gap. Cleveland Clinic notes that when enough bone is missing, soft-tissue repair alone is unlikely to hold, which is why imaging of the bone shapes the choice of operation.

Nerves and the rotator cuff can also be injured, especially in older adults. Mayo Clinic points out that in people over 40, a dislocation is more likely to tear the rotator cuff than to tear the labrum, which changes the problem from one of a loose joint to one of a weak joint. The label on the discharge letter may be the same, but the injury underneath can be quite different, and so can the treatment.

Who is most at risk of recurrent shoulder dislocation?

Age at the time of the first dislocation is the single strongest predictor, and the pattern runs in a direction many people find counterintuitive. The younger you are, the more likely it is to happen again. Mayo Clinic identifies teenage boys and young adult men as the group at highest risk, and the NHS notes plainly that once a shoulder has dislocated it is more likely to do so again, particularly in young people.

Why should a 17-year-old fare worse than a 50-year-old? Partly because their tissues are supple and stretch rather than tear cleanly, so the capsule ends up permanently lax. Partly because they go back to the activities that caused the injury. And partly because their labrum, rather than their rotator cuff, takes the damage, and a detached labrum is a structural problem that strength alone cannot fix.

Sport matters too. Contact and collision sports, overhead sports such as volleyball and swimming, and any activity that combines falls with an outstretched arm all raise the odds. Cleveland Clinic also flags a family history of loose joints and general hypermobility, meaning joints that move well past the usual range without any injury.

That last group deserves its own mention. Some people have shoulders that slip or partially slide out in several directions with little or no trauma, a pattern called multidirectional instability. Their problem is not a torn labrum but a capsule that is naturally roomy. The evidence, summarized by Cleveland Clinic, points strongly toward supervised strengthening as first-line care for this group, with surgery reserved for those who do not improve. Distinguishing a traumatic tear from a loose-by-nature joint is one of the most important tasks in the clinic, because the two paths diverge early.

How is an unstable shoulder assessed?

The consultation usually starts with a story rather than a scan. How did the first dislocation happen, how much force was involved, and what has it taken to bring on each episode since? A shoulder that came out in a high-speed collision and has since slipped out while rolling over in bed is telling the clinician something specific about how much has been lost.

The examination follows. Clinicians look for apprehension, the involuntary tensing and look of alarm when the arm is placed in the position that once caused the dislocation. They check how far the ball can be shifted in the socket compared with the other side, test the rotator cuff muscles, and look for signs of general hypermobility elsewhere, such as thumbs that fold back to the forearm. Sensation over the outer shoulder is checked because the axillary nerve, which runs close to the joint, can be bruised during a dislocation.

Imaging then answers the questions the hands cannot. A plain X-ray confirms the joint is in place and can show a Hill-Sachs dent or a fracture of the socket rim. Magnetic resonance imaging, often with dye injected into the joint (an MR arthrogram), shows the labrum and capsule in detail. Mayo Clinic lists both X-ray and MRI as standard steps in working out the damage after a dislocation. Computed tomography, a detailed X-ray scan that builds a three-dimensional picture of bone, is added when the surgeon needs to measure how much of the socket rim has been lost, because that measurement steers the choice of operation.

None of these tests delivers a verdict on its own. They are combined with age, activity and how much the instability is disrupting life, and the result is a conversation rather than a printout.

What the first weeks of non-surgical treatment usually involve

Every dislocated shoulder starts the same way, whether it is the first or the fifth: it has to be put back. Reduction is the term for maneuvering the ball back into its socket, and both the NHS and Mayo Clinic are firm that this should be done by a trained clinician, usually in an emergency department, often with pain relief or sedation and always with an X-ray to confirm the position and rule out a fracture.

Then comes the sling. Its job is comfort and protection while the swelling settles, not immobilization for its own sake. Mayo Clinic describes a sling period ranging from a few days to about three weeks depending on the injury, and the NHS notes that many people can stop using it after a few days once the pain allows. Prolonged strict immobilization has not been shown to reduce the chance of the shoulder coming out again, which surprises people who assume that longer rest means a tighter joint.

Rehabilitation is where the real work happens. A physiotherapist restores movement first, then builds the rotator cuff and the muscles that steady the shoulder blade, because a strong, well-timed muscle sleeve can compensate for some looseness in the ligaments. Positions that recreate the dislocation, typically the arm out to the side and rotated outward, are avoided early and reintroduced gradually.

The NHS gives a typical range of 12 to 16 weeks for full recovery after a dislocation, with most everyday activities resuming within about two weeks and heavy lifting or shoulder-intensive sport held back for six weeks to three months. Those are ranges drawn from typical cases, not guarantees, and the treating team adjusts them to the individual injury. What the first weeks cannot do is reattach a labrum. They can make the shoulder strong enough that it may not matter.

How many dislocations before surgery is advised?

People want a number, and the honest answer is that guidelines do not give one. There is no rule that says two dislocations mean rehabilitation and three mean an operation. The count matters far less than three other things: what has been damaged, how likely further dislocations are, and how much the instability is costing the person in front of the clinician.

Mayo Clinic frames the surgical threshold in terms of recurrence despite proper strengthening and rehabilitation, or a shoulder joint or ligaments that are structurally weak. Cleveland Clinic adds bone loss and failure to respond to physical therapy. Notice that neither definition contains a tally.

That said, the count is not meaningless. Each dislocation risks shaving a little more bone from the socket rim and stretching the capsule further, so a shoulder that has come out repeatedly is likely to have accumulated more damage than one that has come out once. A person whose fourth dislocation happened while reaching for a shelf is telling the surgeon that the joint now fails under trivial load, and that shifts the conversation.

Timing pulls in the other direction. Some surgeons discuss stabilization after a first dislocation in very young, high-demand athletes, on the reasoning that recurrence in that group is likely and that waiting may allow bone loss that complicates later surgery. Others prefer a trial of rehabilitation for almost everyone. Both positions are defensible, and the evidence does not settle the argument for every patient.

So the useful question is not how many dislocations you are allowed. It is whether your shoulder is still coming out despite doing the rehabilitation properly, whether imaging shows bone loss, and whether you are avoiding parts of your life because you no longer trust the joint. Those three answers, weighed by your treating team, are what actually decide it.

Who is usually offered shoulder instability surgery, and who is asked to wait

Surgery tends to be raised early in a fairly consistent group. Young people, particularly those under their mid-twenties, who play contact or overhead sport and whose imaging shows a detached labrum are the textbook candidates, because both Mayo Clinic and Cleveland Clinic identify this group as the one in which the shoulder is most likely to keep dislocating without structural repair. People with measurable bone loss from the socket, or a large Hill-Sachs dent that engages the rim, are also usually steered toward an operation, since strengthening cannot replace missing bone.

A third group is anyone whose instability is already limiting ordinary life: the person who cannot sleep on that side, who feels the shoulder shift when lifting a bag, or who has stopped swimming because of the fear of it going out in deep water. Instability that shows up in daily tasks rather than only in sport is a signal that the joint has little margin left.

Others are usually asked to wait, and for good reasons. Anyone who has not yet completed a proper course of supervised rehabilitation will generally be encouraged to do so first, because a meaningful proportion of people, especially those past their late twenties with modest activity demands, stabilize with strengthening alone. People whose shoulders slip in several directions without injury, the multidirectional group, are asked to wait longest, because Cleveland Clinic and others describe physical therapy as the primary treatment and surgery in that setting as a later option with less predictable results.

Older adults present a different calculation. A dislocation after 40 is more likely to have torn the rotator cuff than the labrum, so the operation that might be discussed is a cuff repair rather than a stabilization, and sometimes no operation at all. Age, in other words, changes both the diagnosis and the menu.

Bankart repair vs Latarjet: how the main operations differ

Two operations dominate the conversation, and they solve different problems.

A Bankart repair reattaches the torn labrum and tightens the stretched capsule to the front rim of the socket. It is usually performed arthroscopically, meaning through small incisions with a camera and slim instruments, and it restores the soft-tissue bumper that the dislocation peeled away. It is the standard choice when the bone is largely intact.

A Latarjet procedure addresses bone. A small piece of the coracoid, a hook of bone on the shoulder blade, is moved along with its attached tendon and fixed to the front of the socket. This does two jobs at once: it widens the dish where bone has been lost, and the transferred tendon acts as a sling across the front of the joint when the arm is raised. Cleveland Clinic describes it as the option considered when bone loss makes a soft-tissue repair unlikely to hold. It is more often done through an open incision.

Feature	Bankart repair	Latarjet procedure
Main problem addressed	Torn labrum, stretched capsule	Bone loss from socket rim, often with soft-tissue damage
What is done	Labrum reattached, capsule tightened	Bone block transferred to front of socket with its tendon
Usual approach	Arthroscopic (keyhole)	Open incision, sometimes arthroscopic
Bone requirement	Socket largely intact	Chosen when measurable bone loss is present
Typical trade-offs discussed	Higher chance of redislocation if bone loss is underestimated	More complex; hardware, nerve and bone-healing considerations

Other techniques exist, including filling a Hill-Sachs dent with soft tissue (remplissage) or using bone graft from elsewhere. Which one is proposed depends on the imaging, the person’s age and activity, and the surgeon’s judgment. There is no universally superior operation, and a surgeon who explains why a particular one fits your anatomy is telling you more than any league table could.

Shoulder dislocation recovery time: what the weeks after surgery look like

Recovery after stabilization surgery is measured in months, not weeks, and it moves through recognizable phases. The exact timings below are typical ranges drawn from the sources cited, and the surgeon’s own protocol, tailored to what was found and repaired, always takes precedence.

The first phase is protection. The arm rests in a sling while the repaired labrum or transferred bone knits to the socket. Movement is deliberately limited, particularly the outward rotation that would tug on the repair. Pain is usually most noticeable in the first days and eases steadily; the surgical team explains what to take and when, and any questions about medicines belong with them.

The second phase restores motion. A physiotherapist guides the arm through a gradually widening range, first with the therapist doing the work and then with the person doing it. Stiffness is expected here and is not a sign of failure. Cleveland Clinic and Mayo Clinic both emphasize that physical therapy after surgery is not optional; it is the half of the treatment that determines whether the repair becomes a working shoulder.

The third phase builds strength, first in the rotator cuff and shoulder-blade muscles, then in the whole chain from trunk to hand. Only after that does sport-specific work begin. Return to overhead or contact sport is the last milestone and generally the one people are most impatient about. Cleveland Clinic describes a return to sport several months after surgery, with contact athletes typically waiting longer than others; the NHS figure of 12 to 16 weeks for recovery from the dislocation itself is not the timeline for surgical recovery.

Two practical notes. Desk-based work often resumes within a few weeks with the sling on, while manual work waits considerably longer. Driving is usually off the table until the sling is gone and the arm can be controlled safely, and the surgical team will say when that is.

What are the risks, and what are the alternatives?

Any honest discussion of stabilization surgery covers what can go wrong, and the list is not long but it is real.

The shoulder can dislocate again. No repair makes a joint impossible to dislocate, and a high-energy injury can undo good work. Risk is higher when bone loss was underestimated or when someone returns to collision sport before the repair has matured, which is one reason surgeons are conservative about timelines.

Stiffness is the mirror-image problem. Tightening a loose joint means some people lose a portion of outward rotation, which matters more to a baseball pitcher than to an office worker. Nerve irritation, particularly of the axillary nerve, can cause numbness over the outer shoulder or weakness lifting the arm; most settles, some does not. Infection, blood clots and problems with anesthesia are shared with all operations. Procedures that fix bone, such as the Latarjet, add the possibility of the bone block not healing, screws loosening or bone gradually wearing away, and a small long-term risk of arthritis if the block sits proud of the joint surface.

The alternatives are not merely doing nothing. Structured rehabilitation with a physiotherapist experienced in shoulder instability remains a genuine option for many, especially those who are older, less active or whose imaging shows soft-tissue injury without bone loss. Activity modification is another: some people choose to give up the specific movement or sport that keeps dislocating the joint rather than have an operation, and that is a legitimate decision. Bracing that limits the dislocation position can support a season for some athletes, though it does not repair anything.

Weighing these is not a formula. It is a conversation about how much the instability costs you now, how much risk you are willing to carry for the chance of a stable shoulder, and what your surgeon expects given your particular anatomy.

What happens if you never fix a dislocated shoulder?

The question comes up more often than clinicians expect, and it usually has two parts. What if the shoulder is out right now and I leave it? And what if it keeps coming out and I never have surgery?

The first has a clear answer. A dislocated shoulder must be put back, and soon. The NHS and Mayo Clinic both advise going to an emergency department and not attempting reduction yourself, because a delay leaves blood vessels and nerves stretched, muscles in spasm, and cartilage pressed against bone. The longer the joint is out, the harder it is to reduce and the higher the chance of lasting damage.

The second part is more nuanced. Many people with recurrent instability who choose not to have surgery manage well, particularly if they are past their twenties, complete rehabilitation and adjust the activities that provoke it. The joint does not automatically deteriorate.

But repeated dislocations are not free. Each episode can remove a little more bone from the socket rim and deepen the dent in the ball, which is why a shoulder that has come out many times may need a bone-based operation when a soft-tissue repair would have sufficed earlier. Repeated stretching of the axillary nerve raises the chance of persistent weakness. Over years, a joint that has repeatedly ground its surfaces against each other carries a higher risk of arthritis, a wearing of the smooth cartilage that causes stiffness and pain. Cleveland Clinic lists both nerve damage and arthritis among the longer-term consequences of untreated instability.

None of this means surgery is inevitable. It means that waiting is itself a decision with consequences, and it is best made with imaging in hand and a clear picture of how much the shoulder is already costing you, rather than by default.

What people often get wrong about recurrent shoulder dislocation

A few beliefs circulate so widely that they deserve a direct correction.

The shoulder will tighten up if I rest it long enough. Ligaments that have been stretched do not contract back to their original length with rest, and a labrum that has torn away from bone will not reattach itself because the arm is in a sling. Rest controls pain and swelling. Strength, not stillness, is what stabilizes a loose shoulder without surgery.

If I can pop it back myself, it is not serious. The opposite is closer to the truth. A shoulder that slides out and back with little effort has lost so much restraint that almost nothing is holding it. Ease of reduction is a sign of how much has been lost, not how little.

Older people are at higher risk of it happening again. Mayo Clinic and the NHS both point the other way. Young people, and young men in particular, have the highest recurrence risk because of tissue elasticity and the activities they return to. Older adults are more at risk of a rotator cuff tear alongside the dislocation, which is a different problem.

Surgery makes the shoulder dislocation-proof. No operation does. Stabilization restores the anatomy that was damaged, and a well-rehabilitated repair holds up to normal and sporting loads, but a sufficiently violent injury can dislocate any shoulder, repaired or not.

There is a set number of dislocations that triggers surgery. As covered above, guidelines from mainstream sources define the threshold by recurrence despite rehabilitation, bone loss and impact on life, not by a count.

Hypermobile people should get their shoulders tightened surgically. For instability without a traumatic tear, Cleveland Clinic describes physical therapy as first-line, with surgery reserved for those who do not improve. Operating on a naturally roomy capsule is a different, and less predictable, proposition than repairing a torn labrum.

Questions to ask your care team

A good consultation about an unstable shoulder should leave you understanding your own anatomy, not just your options. These questions tend to draw out the information that matters most.

• What exactly is damaged in my shoulder? Is it the labrum, the capsule, the bone of the socket, the ball, the rotator cuff, or some combination?
• Has bone loss been measured, and if so, does it change which operation you would suggest?
• Is my instability traumatic, or do I have generally loose joints? How does that alter the plan?
• If I complete a full course of supervised rehabilitation, what do you expect to happen, given my age and what I want to return to?
• Which operation are you proposing and why does it suit my anatomy rather than the alternative?
• What are the specific risks in my case, including stiffness, nerve irritation and the chance of it dislocating again?
• What will the first six weeks look like, when could I expect to drive, work and sleep comfortably, and when would you consider sport?
• What would make you advise against surgery for me, or advise waiting?
• If I choose not to have surgery, what should I avoid, and what should prompt me to come back?
• Who will guide my rehabilitation, and how will you and they coordinate?

Bring someone with you if you can, and write the answers down. It is common to leave a surgical consultation remembering the diagram and forgetting the timeline. If the answers you get do not fit the anatomy you have been shown, or if the plan seems to skip the rehabilitation stage without explaining why, it is reasonable to ask for that reasoning to be spelled out. A treating team that welcomes those questions is doing its job well.

When to call your doctor

Most recurrent dislocations follow a pattern the person recognizes. The signs below fall outside that pattern and warrant urgent attention.

Seek emergency care immediately if the shoulder is out of joint now and will not go back; if the arm or hand is pale, cold, blue or without a pulse at the wrist; if there is numbness that spreads down the arm or a hand that cannot grip; or if the dislocation followed a high-energy injury such as a road collision or a fall from height, when a fracture or other injury may be present. The NHS and Mayo Clinic both advise against attempting to put the shoulder back yourself and recommend supporting the arm as it is and getting to an emergency department.

Contact your doctor or surgical team promptly, rather than waiting for a scheduled review, if you notice any of the following after a dislocation or after surgery:

• Numbness or weakness over the outer shoulder or arm that persists once the joint is back in place
• Pain that is escalating rather than settling, or that wakes you repeatedly at night beyond the first few days
• After surgery: a wound that is red, hot, leaking, or opening, or a fever
• After surgery: a calf that becomes swollen, warm or painful, or new breathlessness or chest pain, which can signal a blood clot and needs emergency assessment
• A sudden loss of movement or a shoulder that feels as if it has shifted, clicked or locked following a repair
• Repeated partial slips of the joint during ordinary tasks, which suggests the instability is worsening

These are not diagnoses; they are prompts to be assessed. Your treating team knows what was found and what was repaired in your shoulder, and they are the people who decide whether a symptom is expected or needs action.

Frequently asked questions

How long does it take for a recurrent shoulder dislocation to heal?

The NHS gives a typical range of 12 to 16 weeks for full recovery after a shoulder dislocation, with most everyday activities returning within about two weeks and shoulder-intensive sport held back for six weeks to three months. A repeat dislocation follows a similar arc, but stretched ligaments and a detached labrum do not heal back to their original tension, so strengthening is what restores stability. Your treating team adjusts these ranges to your injury.

How many dislocations before surgery is usually recommended?

There is no set number. Mayo Clinic and Cleveland Clinic describe the surgical threshold in terms of the shoulder continuing to dislocate despite proper rehabilitation, measurable bone loss from the socket, or instability that disrupts daily life. A single dislocation in a very young contact athlete may prompt an early discussion, while several in an older, less active adult may still be managed with physiotherapy. The decision sits with your treating team.

What happens if you never fix a dislocated shoulder?

A shoulder that is currently out of joint must be put back by a clinician promptly, because nerves, blood vessels and cartilage are at risk while it stays out. Longer term, many people with recurrent instability manage without surgery, but each episode can remove more bone from the socket, stretch the axillary nerve and raise the risk of arthritis over years, according to Cleveland Clinic. Waiting is a decision with consequences, best made with imaging in hand.

What is the best treatment for recurrent shoulder joint dislocation?

It depends on what is damaged. Supervised rehabilitation strengthening the rotator cuff and shoulder-blade muscles is the starting point for most people and the main treatment for instability without a traumatic tear. When the labrum is detached and the shoulder keeps dislocating despite rehabilitation, an arthroscopic Bankart repair is commonly discussed; when bone has been lost from the socket, a bone-transfer procedure such as the Latarjet is considered. No single option is best for everyone.

What is shoulder instability surgery and how does it work?

Shoulder instability surgery restores the structures that keep the ball in its socket. A Bankart repair reattaches the torn labrum and tightens the stretched capsule to the front rim, usually through keyhole incisions. A Latarjet procedure moves a small block of bone with its tendon to the front of the socket, widening the dish and adding a muscular sling. Which is proposed depends on imaging, age and activity, and on the surgeon’s judgment.

Why does my shoulder dislocate so easily now?

Because the first dislocation damaged the restraints. The labrum, a cartilage rim that deepens the socket, is often torn away, and the capsule that wraps the joint is stretched and does not shrink back. Sometimes a dent in the ball or a chip from the socket rim adds a mechanical notch. Mayo Clinic describes this sequence as the reason a joint becomes prone to repeat dislocations, often with trivial force.

Can physiotherapy alone stop a shoulder from dislocating?

For many people, yes, particularly those past their twenties, those with modest activity demands, and those whose instability comes from naturally loose joints rather than a traumatic tear. Strong, well-timed rotator cuff and shoulder-blade muscles can compensate for looseness in the ligaments. Physiotherapy cannot reattach a detached labrum or replace lost bone, so in young contact athletes with those findings recurrence is common despite good rehabilitation.

Does a dislocated shoulder always need an X-ray?

Yes, in standard practice. Mayo Clinic and the NHS both describe X-rays before and after the shoulder is put back, to confirm the direction of the dislocation, check the joint has returned to its proper position and rule out a fracture of the ball or socket rim. MRI, often with dye injected into the joint, is added later to assess the labrum and capsule, and CT when bone loss needs measuring.

Is Bankart repair vs Latarjet a choice I make, or the surgeon?

It is a shared decision, but anatomy sets the boundaries. If imaging shows the socket bone is largely intact, a Bankart repair is the usual proposal; if measurable bone has been lost, Cleveland Clinic describes the Latarjet as the option considered because soft tissue alone is unlikely to hold. Your preferences about incision size, recovery and sport matter within those boundaries, and a good surgeon explains why one fits your shoulder.

Will my shoulder be normal again after stabilization surgery?

Most people regain a stable, functional shoulder, but no operation makes a joint impossible to dislocate, and some loss of outward rotation is a recognized trade-off of tightening a loose capsule. Recovery is measured in months, with physiotherapy doing much of the work, and return to contact sport comes last. Your surgical team can describe what they expect for your specific repair; nobody can promise a particular outcome.

References

• Dislocated shoulder (NHS)
• Dislocations (MedlinePlus)

This article is for general information only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Please consult a qualified doctor about your individual situation.