Articles on general surgery: hernia, gallbladder, appendix and other common operations, including how keyhole surgery works, how to prepare and what recovery usually involves.
Sacral nerve stimulation for bowel incontinence uses a small implanted device to send mild electrical pulses to the sacral nerves that coordinate the rectum,…
Preparing for gallbladder surgery usually means three things: an ultrasound that confirms gallstones or inflammation are actually causing your symptoms, clear fasting rules so…
There is no single first treatment for achalasia. For people fit for a procedure, current guidelines consider pneumatic dilation, laparoscopic Heller myotomy and peroral…
Ruptured appendix treatment depends on what the rupture has caused. If infection has spread through the abdomen, surgeons usually operate promptly to remove the…
Mild, intermittent chest discomfort, a low-grade temperature in the first day or two, and some heartburn are commonly expected after achalasia treatment such as…
Bowel prep before colorectal surgery usually means a colonoscopy to confirm and mark the site, a clear-liquid day with an osmotic laxative and often…
Shoulder pain after robotic gallbladder surgery is usually referred pain from carbon dioxide gas used to inflate the abdomen. The gas irritates the diaphragm,…
Pain that persists or returns months after gallbladder removal is usually not caused by the surgery itself. Common explanations include a stone left behind…
Preparing for liver, pancreas or bile duct surgery usually involves detailed contrast scans to map the anatomy, blood tests and a fitness assessment, and…
Pain after hemorrhoidectomy is expected because the wounds sit in nerve-rich skin at the anal opening, and it usually peaks in the first two…
Fecal incontinence treatment options usually follow a stepped ladder. Most people start with diet changes, fiber adjustment, a regular toilet routine and, where needed,…
Fecal incontinence after childbirth usually happens because delivery stretches or tears the anal sphincter muscles or the nerves that control them, most often after…
Light spotting of bright red blood on toilet paper or streaked on stool is common for a few weeks after a hemorrhoid procedure, especially…
A robotic cholecystectomy procedure removes the gallbladder through a few small abdominal incisions, with the surgeon controlling instrument arms from a console beside the…
No. Minimally invasive, or keyhole, surgery describes how a surgeon reaches the target, through small incisions guided by a camera, not how serious the…
In robotic colorectal surgery, the robot does not operate on its own. It gives the surgeon a magnified, three-dimensional view and small wristed instruments…
A laparoscopic cholecystectomy removes the gallbladder through three or four small cuts in the abdomen instead of one long incision. Under general anesthesia, the…
Achalasia is confirmed when high-resolution esophageal manometry shows that the lower esophageal sphincter fails to relax on swallowing and the esophageal body has lost…
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