How Monsplasty Is Performed: Liposuction, Skin Removal and Where the Incision Sits

The fitting room mirror is usually where the question starts. Jeans that sit fine everywhere else pucker just below the waistband, or a swimsuit that fit last summer now outlines a fullness that no amount of adjusting will smooth. For many people the change arrived slowly, after pregnancies, after a large weight loss, or simply with the years, and by the time they type a question into a search bar it has been on their mind for a long while.

If you have wondered how monsplasty is performed, the honest answer is that it is not one operation but a small family of techniques, and the version a surgeon suggests depends less on the size of the mound than on what the skin above it is doing.

This explainer walks through the anatomy, the two main surgical approaches, where the scar ends up, what recovery tends to look like, and the questions worth bringing to a consultation. It does not tell you whether to have surgery. That conversation belongs with a qualified surgical team who can examine you.

How is monsplasty performed? What actually happens in the operating room

Monsplasty, sometimes called mons pubis reduction or a pubic lift, is a body contouring operation that reduces the bulk of the mons pubis and, when needed, tightens the skin over it. Body contouring simply means surgery that reshapes an area rather than treating a disease.

Every version begins the same way. The surgeon marks the area while you stand, because fat and loose skin fall differently when you lie flat. Those marks decide how much tissue will be removed and where the edges will meet.

Then one of three things happens. If the problem is mainly fat with reasonably firm skin, the surgeon performs liposuction through two or three openings a few millimeters wide, using a thin hollow tube called a cannula to loosen and suction out fat. If the problem is loose, hanging skin, the surgeon removes a horizontal wedge of skin and underlying fat through a low incision, then lifts and stitches the remaining tissue upward so the mound sits flatter and higher. When both fat and skin are excessive, the two are combined in the same session.

Anesthesia varies with the plan. Liposuction of a small area can be done under local anesthesia with sedation, while skin removal, especially alongside a tummy tuck, is usually done under general anesthesia. The Mayo Clinic describes these anesthesia options for liposuction in general and notes that the choice depends on the extent of surgery and on the patient.

Most people go home the same day. Deep stitches dissolve on their own, surface closure may use absorbable sutures or skin glue, and a compression garment is fitted before you leave. Nothing about the operation is exotic; it borrows techniques from liposuction and abdominoplasty and applies them to one small, often-overlooked area.

What is the mons pubis, and what does a mons pubis look like?

The mons pubis is the rounded pad of fatty tissue that sits over the pubic bone, just above the genitals, in people of every sex. Its job is cushioning: it protects the bone during intercourse and everyday movement, and its hair follicles and oil glands play a role in scent and skin protection, as the Cleveland Clinic explains in its anatomy overview.

Asked what a mons pubis looks like, the only accurate answer is: very different from one person to the next. In some it is nearly flat, in others a soft dome, and both are normal anatomy. Shape depends on how much fat the body stores there, how thick the overlying skin is, and how firmly the deeper connective tissue holds everything to the bone.

Two distinct patterns bring people to a consultation, and telling them apart is the first thing a surgeon does. The first is fullness: the pad is thick but the skin is smooth and springs back when pinched. The second is ptosis, the medical word for sagging, in which the skin and fat have slid downward, sometimes far enough to hang over the genitals and create a fold where moisture and irritation collect.

Why does the distinction matter so much? Because fat responds to liposuction, but stretched skin does not. Suctioning fat out from under skin that has already lost its elasticity can leave the area looser and more wrinkled than before. That single anatomical fact is what steers the surgical plan toward one technique or the other, which is why photographs alone rarely settle the question and an in-person examination usually does.

Does the mons pubis get bigger with age? Why the area changes

Yes, for many people it does, though the mechanism is often more about position than growth. The Cleveland Clinic notes that the mons pubis can change with weight gain, pregnancy, childbirth, hormonal shifts and aging, and each of those pulls a slightly different lever.

Weight gain is the simplest. The mons is a fat depot like any other, and in some people it stores fat readily even when the rest of the body does not. What makes it stubborn is that it also tends to hold onto that fat during weight loss, so the mound can look more prominent, not less, once the abdomen above it shrinks.

Pregnancy stretches the lower abdominal skin and the connective tissue that anchors it. After delivery the skin may not fully recoil, and gravity does the rest. Hormonal changes around menopause redistribute fat toward the trunk and reduce skin collagen, so the pad softens and descends at the same time.

Major weight loss, particularly after bariatric surgery, produces the most dramatic change. The fat volume drops but the skin envelope stays the size it was, leaving a deflated apron that can fold over on itself.

Previous surgery contributes too. A cesarean scar or a tummy tuck incision can tether the tissue above it while the mons below continues to descend, exaggerating the step between the two. None of this is dangerous. It becomes a medical concern only when the fold traps moisture and causes recurring skin irritation, or when hygiene and urination become genuinely awkward, and those functional problems are worth raising with a doctor regardless of any cosmetic wish.

Who monsplasty is usually for, and who is usually asked to wait

Surgeons generally consider monsplasty for adults whose mons pubis is disproportionately full or sagging relative to the rest of their body, whose weight has been stable for a sustained period, and who have realistic expectations about what a modest reshaping can and cannot change. Stable weight matters because the Mayo Clinic points out that remaining fat cells can enlarge with future weight gain, and loose skin can recur if weight fluctuates.

The people most often seen for this operation fall into a few groups: those who have lost a large amount of weight, those whose lower abdomen changed after pregnancy, those undergoing a tummy tuck who want the two areas to match, and those with a lifelong prominence that diet and exercise have never touched. Some transgender and nonbinary patients also discuss mons contouring as part of a broader surgical plan.

Who is usually asked to wait? Anyone still actively losing weight, since the plan may change as the tissue changes. Anyone planning a pregnancy soon, because pregnancy will stretch the repair. Smokers and nicotine users, whom the NHS advises to stop well before cosmetic surgery because nicotine impairs wound healing and raises the risk of skin loss along the incision. People with poorly controlled diabetes, bleeding disorders, or active skin infection in the groin fold are typically stabilized first.

A careful team will also pause if the motivation seems to come from someone else, or if the concern is out of proportion to what they see on examination. That pause is not a rejection. It is part of the same judgment that makes the rest of the operation safe.

Liposuction-only monsplasty: how the fat is removed

When the skin is firm and the problem is volume, liposuction on its own is the usual choice. Liposuction is the suction removal of fat through a thin tube, and the mons version differs from a thigh or abdomen procedure mostly in scale and delicacy.

The surgeon first infiltrates the area with tumescent fluid, a large volume of dilute salt solution containing a local anesthetic and epinephrine, a medicine that narrows blood vessels. The Mayo Clinic describes this tumescent technique as the most common form of liposuction. The fluid firms the fat so it can be broken up evenly, numbs the tissue, and reduces bleeding, which is why bruising after liposuction is usually less dramatic than people expect.

Access points are tiny, typically two or three, placed in the groin crease or within the pubic hair line so they are hard to find once healed. Through them the surgeon passes a fine cannula in a fanning pattern, working in more than one direction to avoid ridges. Some surgeons add ultrasound-assisted or power-assisted devices, which vibrate or emulsify fat before suction; the Mayo Clinic lists these as variations rather than as proven superior methods, and no strong evidence shows one device gives better mons results than another.

The goal is deliberate under-correction rather than aggressive emptying. Removing too much fat in this area risks visible contour dents, injury to sensory nerves, and prolonged swelling that can track downward into the labia or scrotum. A thin, even layer is intentionally left behind so the mound blends smoothly into the lower abdomen and thighs. The openings are closed with a stitch or left to drain briefly, and a compression garment is applied to hold the new contour while the tissue settles.

Skin removal monsplasty: the mons lift explained

When the skin has lost its recoil, fat removal alone will not help and can make things worse. The mons lift, sometimes called a pubic lift, treats the excess directly by cutting it out.

The surgeon draws two horizontal lines across the mons: an upper line where the final scar will sit and a lower line marking the bottom edge of the tissue to be removed. The strip between them, often shaped like a shallow crescent or ellipse, contains skin and a wedge of underlying fat. Its width is decided while you stand and is checked again on the table, because removing too much can pull the genitals upward or tighten the area uncomfortably.

Once the strip is excised, the remaining lower flap is lifted upward. This is the step that distinguishes a proper mons lift from simple trimming: the surgeon places deep, slowly dissolving sutures that anchor the fatty tissue to the tough fibrous layer over the abdominal muscles, called the rectus fascia. Anchoring the tissue rather than relying on the skin closure is what keeps the lift from sliding back down as swelling fades.

The skin edges are then closed in layers. Where the mound is still too thick after skin removal, the surgeon may add conservative liposuction to the lower flap or directly trim fat from underneath before closing. Small drains are sometimes left for a day or two to prevent fluid from pooling.

The mons lift is a longer operation than liposuction alone, produces a real scar, and carries a higher chance of wound healing delay because the incision sits in a warm, mobile crease. In exchange it addresses the one thing liposuction cannot, and for a person with true skin excess it is the technique most likely to produce a lasting change.

Where the incision sits, and how surgeons keep it hidden

Scar placement is often the first thing patients ask about, and it is a reasonable question because this area is seen in underwear and swimwear.

For liposuction-only monsplasty, there is no long incision. The access points, each a few millimeters, are placed in the groin creases where the thigh meets the trunk or just inside the upper edge of the pubic hair. After healing they usually look like small pale dots.

For a mons lift, the incision runs horizontally across the top of the mons, roughly at the level of the natural suprapubic crease, the faint fold that appears when you sit down. The exact height depends on two things: where your underwear and swimwear lines fall, and whether an abdominal scar already exists. If you are also having a tummy tuck, the mons incision is not a separate scar; it becomes the central portion of the tummy tuck incision, which curves upward toward the hips. If you have a cesarean scar, surgeons often plan the new incision to remove or incorporate the old one so you finish with a single line.

The length of a stand-alone mons lift scar is typically the width of the mound itself, tapering at each end so the skin lies flat without puckers, sometimes called dog-ears.

Scars mature slowly. The NHS notes that surgical scars usually take around 12 to 18 months to fade to their final appearance, passing through a red, raised phase first. Silicone sheets and sun protection are commonly advised during that period. The scar never disappears, but a well-placed one in this location is usually covered by hair regrowth and by the lower edge of most underwear.

Liposuction vs skin removal vs combined monsplasty: a side-by-side view

Because the three approaches suit different anatomy, it helps to see them next to one another. The recovery ranges below reflect general figures for liposuction and abdominoplasty published by the NHS, since large trials specific to monsplasty are lacking, and individual timelines vary.

Feature	Liposuction only	Skin removal (mons lift)	Combined
Best suited to	Fullness with firm, elastic skin	Sagging skin with modest fat	Both excess fat and loose skin
Incision	2–3 tiny openings in groin crease or hairline	Horizontal line at upper edge of mons	Horizontal line plus small openings
Anesthesia	Local with sedation, or general	Usually general	Usually general
Typical time off desk work (NHS ranges)	About 1–2 weeks	About 2–4 weeks; up to 6 with tummy tuck	About 2–4 weeks; up to 6 with tummy tuck
Compression garment	Several weeks	Around 6 weeks	Around 6 weeks
Main limitation	Cannot tighten skin; may worsen laxity	Visible scar; wound healing delay possible	Longest operation; most swelling

A few points the table cannot capture. First, the categories are not rigid; many surgeons perform a small amount of liposuction during a mons lift to blend the edges, so the line between the second and third columns is blurry in practice. Second, the choice is rarely the patient’s alone to make. Someone may arrive hoping for liposuction because it sounds minor, and be told honestly that their skin will not tolerate it. Third, none of the columns promises a particular look. The operation changes proportions; it does not deliver a standardized result, and anyone who describes it that way is selling rather than explaining.

Monsplasty with a tummy tuck or after major weight loss

A large share of mons procedures are not stand-alone operations at all. They are performed as part of an abdominoplasty, the formal name for a tummy tuck, and understanding that pairing explains a lot about how the surgery is planned.

A tummy tuck removes loose skin and fat from the lower abdomen and pulls the remaining skin downward to a low horizontal incision. The Mayo Clinic describes the technique in its overview. If the mons below that incision is left untouched, the result can look like a smooth abdomen sitting on top of a full, drooping mound, with an obvious step between them. Surgeons therefore routinely thin the mons with liposuction, lift it, and suture it to the deep fascia at the same time, so the two areas meet in one continuous slope. When a tummy tuck already involves a long incision, adding the mons lift introduces no new scar.

After massive weight loss the picture is more extensive. The deflated skin can extend into the groins and inner thighs, and a mons lift may be planned together with a thigh lift or a circumferential body lift, a procedure that removes skin all the way around the trunk. These are longer operations, sometimes staged across more than one session, and the NHS advises that recovery from abdominoplasty alone takes about six weeks before strenuous activity.

People considering this route are usually asked to reach a stable weight and to hold it for a period of months, to correct nutritional deficiencies that are common after bariatric surgery, and to stop nicotine. Protein and vitamin status affect wound healing, and the low incision of a combined procedure is exactly where a poorly nourished wound tends to open.

Mons pubis reduction recovery: what the first days and weeks usually look like

Recovery unfolds in roughly three phases, and knowing what each looks like reduces the anxiety that comes from an area you cannot easily see.

The first three or four days are about swelling and fluid. The mons swells noticeably, and because gravity pulls fluid downward, the labia or scrotum often swell too, sometimes alarmingly. This is expected and settles. Bruising blooms and then yellows. If drains were placed, they are usually removed at the first follow-up visit once output falls. Walking short distances from the first evening is encouraged; the CDC notes that immobility after surgery is a known risk factor for blood clots, and gentle movement is the simplest countermeasure.

Weeks one and two are about protecting the closure. You will be asked to wear a compression garment continuously, to avoid bending sharply at the hips, and to keep the incision clean and dry. Showering is usually allowed within a day or two; soaking in a bath or pool is not until the wound has fully sealed. The NHS suggests that after liposuction most people return to desk work in one to two weeks, and after abdominoplasty in four to six.

Weeks three through six are about gradually returning to normal. Light exercise is reintroduced, with strenuous activity and heavy lifting typically held for about four weeks after liposuction and six after skin removal, again per NHS guidance. Sexual activity is usually deferred until the surgeon confirms the incision is strong.

The final contour takes far longer than the wound. The Mayo Clinic notes that swelling after liposuction settles over a few weeks but the leaner shape emerges over several months, and residual firmness in the tissue can persist for a similar period. Judging the result at six weeks is judging it too early.

How painful is monsplasty recovery?

Less than most people fear, but more than a cosmetic brochure implies. The honest description from surgeons and patients is soreness rather than sharp pain: a bruised, tight, heavy feeling that is worst when standing up from a chair or coughing, and that fades steadily over the first week.

Why is it usually tolerable? The mons has no large muscles, so there is none of the deep ache that follows procedures that cut or tighten muscle. Liposuction-only recovery is closer to a severe bruise. A mons lift adds incision pain and a pulling sensation along the suture line, and when combined with a tummy tuck the abdominal component dominates the discomfort.

What surprises people more than pain is the swelling and its location. Genital swelling in the first week can make sitting awkward and clothing uncomfortable, and numbness across the mons is common because fine sensory nerves are disturbed during surgery. The Mayo Clinic lists temporary numbness among the expected effects of liposuction; sensation usually returns over weeks to months, though a small area of permanent altered feeling is possible.

Pain control is planned before surgery and is individual. Teams commonly use a combination of simple over-the-counter analgesics, sometimes a short course of a stronger prescription medicine, and local anesthetic placed during the operation. Which medicines, in what amounts and for how long, is a decision for the prescribing clinician based on your history, and this article deliberately does not describe regimens. Cold packs over the garment, keeping the hips slightly flexed with pillows, and walking little and often all help.

Pain that worsens after day three instead of improving, or that is concentrated on one side, is not part of normal recovery and should be reported, for reasons covered in the red-flag section below.

Risks, complications and the alternatives worth knowing about

Monsplasty is generally considered a low-risk procedure, but low is not zero, and the location introduces specific concerns.

Wound healing delay is the most common problem after a mons lift. The incision sits in a moist, mobile crease that is bent every time you sit, and a portion of the wound can separate and heal slowly from the base. Infection risk is raised for the same reason; MedlinePlus describes the signs of surgical wound infection, including spreading redness, warmth, pus and fever. Nicotine, diabetes and obesity all increase these risks.

Fluid collections, known as seromas, can form in the space where fat was removed and may need drawing off with a needle. Bleeding into the tissue, or hematoma, is uncommon but may require a return to the operating room. Contour irregularities, asymmetry between the two sides, and over- or under-correction are the aesthetic complications, and the Mayo Clinic lists these among the recognized risks of liposuction generally. Persistent numbness, painful scarring, and a scar that widens or thickens are possible. Rarely, an overly tight lift can distort the position of the clitoral hood or the base of the penis, which is why conservative removal is emphasized.

Blood clots in the leg veins remain the serious systemic risk of any operation under general anesthesia, and the CDC’s guidance on recognizing them applies here.

What are the alternatives? Weight loss reduces mons fat in many people, though not all, and does nothing for loose skin. Supportive shapewear addresses appearance under clothing without risk. Energy-based non-surgical fat reduction devices exist, but published evidence for them in this specific area is limited, and they cannot tighten significantly stretched skin. Choosing to do nothing is a legitimate option, and a good consultation will say so.

What people often get wrong about monsplasty

Several beliefs circulate online that deserve correcting, because they shape expectations before anyone reaches a consultation.

The first is that liposuction is always the gentler choice. It is the smaller operation, but on stretched skin it can make the area look emptier and more wrinkled, and the correction for that is the very skin removal the person hoped to avoid. Gentle is defined by anatomy, not by the name of the technique.

The second is that the result is permanent no matter what. Fat cells removed by liposuction do not regenerate, but the Mayo Clinic is clear that remaining cells enlarge with weight gain and that the shape can change with fluctuation, pregnancy, or simply aging. A lifted mons will descend again if the skin continues to lose elasticity over decades, just more slowly.

The third is that a prominent mons pubis is abnormal or a sign of poor health. It is neither. It is ordinary human variation, and the decision to change it is a personal preference, not a medical correction.

The fourth is that the scar will be invisible. For a lift it will not; it will be low, horizontal and usually well concealed, and it will fade over a year or more, but it exists.

The fifth is that the result can be judged from photographs at two weeks. Swelling in this area is stubborn, and the NHS notes that final liposuction results may take up to six months to appear. Early photographs mostly show fluid.

The sixth is that the procedure is exclusively for women. Anyone with a full or sagging suprapubic pad can be a candidate, and in men the same techniques are sometimes used to reveal the base of the penis that has been buried by overlying fat.

Questions to ask your care team before monsplasty

A consultation is the moment to move from general knowledge to your own anatomy. These questions tend to produce the most useful answers.

• Looking at my skin and tissue, which technique do you recommend, and what specifically about my examination leads you there?
• If you recommend liposuction alone, what happens if the skin does not retract as hoped? Would a lift still be possible later?
• If you recommend skin removal, exactly where will the incision run, how long will it be, and can you draw it on me while I stand?
• Would this be done alone or combined with an abdominal or thigh procedure, and how does that change the recovery?
• What kind of anesthesia will be used, and who will be giving it?
• How many of these procedures do you perform, and may I see healed results at several months rather than only early photographs? (Ask this of any surgeon, without expecting a particular number.)
• What complications have you seen in this area, and how were they handled?
• What is your plan for pain control, drains and compression, and when will each follow-up visit be?
• When can I return to my specific job, drive, exercise and resume sexual activity?
• What would make you advise me to wait or not to proceed?

Bring a list of every medicine, supplement and nicotine product you use, since some affect bleeding and healing, and let the team decide what to adjust. Notice how the surgeon responds to the last question. A team willing to explain why they might decline is usually a team that is being straightforward about everything else. The choice of whether and how to proceed remains theirs to advise and yours to accept or decline, ideally after a period of reflection rather than on the day.

When to call your doctor after monsplasty

Most recoveries are uneventful, and knowing what is normal lets you spot what is not. Swelling, bruising, numbness and mild soreness that improve day by day are expected. The signs below are not, and they warrant a same-day call to your surgical team or, where marked, emergency care.

• Fever, chills, or spreading redness, warmth, swelling or pus around the incision or access points. MedlinePlus describes these as the hallmarks of surgical wound infection, which is more likely in a moist groin crease.
• Rapidly increasing swelling on one side, a tense or hard area, or bleeding that soaks a dressing, which can signal a hematoma.
• Pain that gets worse after the third day rather than better, or pain that painkillers prescribed for you no longer touch.
• The wound edges separating, or fluid leaking from the incision after the first few days.
• Any part of the skin along the incision turning dark, dusky or black.
• Difficulty passing urine, or urine that stings persistently, since swelling can affect the area.
• Calf pain, swelling or warmth in one leg, which the CDC lists as signs of deep vein thrombosis; call the same day.
• Sudden shortness of breath, chest pain, coughing up blood, or feeling faint. These can indicate a clot that has traveled to the lungs. Call emergency services immediately rather than your clinic.

Trust the trend rather than any single moment: recovery should feel like slow, steady improvement. If it stalls or reverses, that is reason enough to pick up the phone, and surgical teams would far rather hear about a false alarm than miss an early problem. Keep the after-hours contact number they gave you somewhere you can find it from bed.

Frequently asked questions

How is monsplasty performed if I only have extra fat and firm skin?

Liposuction alone is usually suggested. The surgeon numbs and firms the area with tumescent fluid, then removes fat through two or three tiny openings in the groin crease or hairline using a thin cannula. A thin layer is deliberately left so the mound blends into the abdomen. You wear a compression garment for several weeks afterward, and the leaner shape appears over months.

What is the average cost of monsplasty?

This magazine does not publish price figures, because costs depend on the technique, anesthesia type, whether it is combined with other procedures, and the setting. Ask any surgical team for a written, itemized breakdown before deciding, and check whether follow-up visits and treatment of complications are included. Cosmetic monsplasty is generally not covered by insurance unless a documented functional problem exists.

How painful is monsplasty recovery compared with other cosmetic surgery?

It is usually described as soreness and tightness rather than sharp pain, because no muscle is cut or repaired. Liposuction alone feels like a deep bruise; a mons lift adds incision discomfort. When combined with a tummy tuck, the abdominal part dominates. Genital swelling and numbness bother people more than pain. Your prescribing clinician decides on medicines; pain that worsens after day three should be reported.

Does the mons pubis get bigger with age?

Often it appears to, though the change is mostly descent rather than growth. The Cleveland Clinic notes the area changes with weight gain, pregnancy, hormonal shifts and aging. Falling collagen and estrogen after menopause soften and loosen the skin, fat redistributes toward the trunk, and gravity moves the pad downward. It is normal variation, and a medical concern only if it causes irritation or hygiene difficulty.

What does a mons pubis look like when it might need a lift rather than liposuction?

A surgeon looks for sagging, called ptosis: skin that hangs below the pubic bone, sometimes over the genitals, creating a fold. When pinched, the skin stays slack instead of springing back. A full but firm dome, by contrast, usually suits liposuction. Only an in-person examination reliably distinguishes the two, which is why online photographs rarely settle the question.

Where exactly is the monsplasty incision?

For liposuction, only millimeter-sized access points in the groin creases or the upper edge of the pubic hair. For a mons lift, a horizontal incision across the top of the mons at the natural crease, roughly the width of the mound, usually hidden by underwear and hair regrowth. If you also have a tummy tuck, the mons incision forms the central part of that longer scar rather than a separate line.

How long does mons pubis reduction recovery take before I can exercise?

NHS guidance for liposuction suggests avoiding strenuous activity for about four weeks, and for abdominoplasty about six weeks, which surgeons commonly apply to mons procedures. Light walking starts on the first day to reduce clot risk. Swelling settles over weeks, but the Mayo Clinic notes final contour after liposuction emerges over several months. Your team confirms when your incision is strong enough.

Will the results of monsplasty be permanent?

The removed fat cells do not return, and excised skin is gone, but the Mayo Clinic cautions that remaining fat cells enlarge with weight gain and that shape changes with fluctuation, pregnancy and aging. A lifted mons will gradually descend again over decades as skin loses elasticity. Stable weight is the single biggest factor in how long the change lasts.

Can men have monsplasty?

Yes. Anyone with a full or sagging suprapubic fat pad can be assessed. In men the operation is sometimes done because overlying fat buries the base of the penis, and reducing the pad reveals it. The techniques are identical: liposuction for fat, a horizontal excision anchored to the deep fascia for loose skin, or both. Candidacy is decided the same way, on skin quality and weight stability.

What are the alternatives to surgical monsplasty?

Weight loss reduces mons fat in many but not all people and cannot remove loose skin. Supportive shapewear improves appearance under clothing with no risk. Non-surgical energy-based fat reduction devices exist, but published evidence for this specific area is limited, and they cannot tighten significantly stretched skin. Choosing no treatment is a valid option, and a good consultation will say so plainly.

References

• NHS: Liposuction
• NHS: Tummy tuck (abdominoplasty)
• MedlinePlus: Surgical wound infection – treatment
• CDC: About Venous Thromboembolism (Blood Clots)

This article is for general information only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Please consult a qualified doctor about your individual situation.