When Does a Neck and Face Lift Make Sense Together? Jowls, Neck Bands and Skin Laxity

It usually starts with a photograph someone else took. The angle is a little low, the light is flat, and there it is: a softness along the jaw that was not there five years ago, two faint cords running down the front of the throat, skin that has quietly stopped snapping back. The person in the picture does not feel older. The picture disagrees.

That mismatch sends a lot of people to a consultation with one question already half-formed: do I need something done to my neck, my face, or both? The honest answer is anatomical, not cosmetic. The layers a surgeon lifts do not stop at the jawline, which is why a combined neck and face lift is so often discussed as a single operation rather than two.

This explainer walks through what those layers are, what the surgery actually does, who tends to benefit, who is usually asked to wait, and what the weeks afterward really look like, without the glossy promises that surround this subject online.

What jowls, neck bands and skin laxity actually are

Three changes drive most requests for lower-face surgery, and each has a different cause.

Jowls are the soft pouches that settle just behind the chin along the jawline. They form when the fat pads of the cheek descend and pile up against a fixed ligament near the jaw, while the skin above them loses the stretch it once had. The jawline looks interrupted rather than straight.

Neck bands are the vertical cords that stand out when you tense your neck or, later, even at rest. They come from the platysma, a thin sheet of muscle that runs from the collarbones up over the jaw and blends into the lower face. With time the two halves of this sheet separate at the midline, and their free edges show through thinning skin as bands.

Skin laxity is the loss of elastic recoil. Collagen and elastin fibers in the deeper skin decline with age and sun exposure, so the skin drapes rather than clings. Under the chin, this shows as a soft angle where a sharper one used to be. Mayo Clinic describes exactly this trio, sagging cheeks, excess skin at the jawline and loose skin with fat in the neck, as the changes a face-lift is designed to address.

What matters for surgical planning is that these changes rarely arrive alone. The fat that slides into a jowl, the muscle that splits into bands and the skin that loosens over both belong to one continuous system. A procedure that lifts one part while ignoring the rest can leave a visible seam between treated and untreated tissue, which is the first clue to why surgeons so often recommend addressing face and neck together.

Can a combined neck and face lift be done at the same time?

Yes, and in practice this is the most common way both are performed. Mayo Clinic notes that a neck lift is often carried out as part of a face-lift, and Cleveland Clinic describes the standard face-lift as addressing the lower face and neck in one session.

Here is what actually happens. Under general anesthesia or deep sedation with local anesthetic, the surgeon makes an incision that typically begins in the hairline near the temple, runs in front of the ear along its natural creases, curves behind the earlobe and ends in the lower scalp. When the neck needs direct work, a short additional incision is placed in the crease under the chin.

Through these openings the surgeon separates the skin from the layer beneath it. That layer is the SMAS, short for superficial musculoaponeurotic system, a firm fibrous sheet in the face that connects seamlessly to the platysma muscle in the neck. Depending on technique, the SMAS and platysma are tightened with sutures, folded, or released and repositioned upward and backward as one continuous unit.

From the chin incision, the surgeon can stitch the separated edges of the platysma back together in the midline, a step called a platysmaplasty, and remove or sculpt fat that sits above or below the muscle. Only then is the skin redraped, trimmed conservatively and closed.

Doing this in one operation has a practical logic. The tissue pulled upward in the cheek is the same tissue tightened in the neck, so tension can be balanced across the whole region rather than concentrated at the jaw. It also means one anesthetic, one recovery and one set of incisions rather than two rounds several months apart. The trade-off is a longer operation, which the treating team weighs against a person’s overall health.

Why the face and neck age as one unit: SMAS and platysma

Picture a fitted sheet stretched over a mattress. Tug one corner and the whole sheet shifts. The SMAS in the face and the platysma in the neck behave in much the same way, because anatomically they are the same layer with two names.

The SMAS sits just under the fat of the cheek. It anchors the facial muscles that move your expressions and is tethered to bone by a series of retaining ligaments. Below the jaw it thins and continues as the platysma, which fans out over the front of the neck. Gravity, repeated expression and the gradual loss of ligament support let this combined sheet slide downward and forward over decades.

The consequences are visible in a predictable order. Cheek fat that once sat high descends toward the mouth, deepening the fold beside the nose. Lower still, fat and skin catch on the mandibular ligament and bulge into a jowl. In the neck, the platysma slackens and its inner edges drift apart, producing bands and a blunted angle under the chin.

Because one layer is responsible for all of these, surgery that repositions the SMAS without touching the platysma often leaves a mismatch. The jaw looks defined while the neck still hangs; or the neck is tightened but loose cheek tissue continues to press down on the result. Surgeons sometimes describe this as chasing the problem from one zone to the next.

This is also why the durability of the result depends less on how much skin is removed and more on how well the deeper sheet is repositioned and secured. Skin is a poor structural anchor. It stretches under sustained pull, which is why skin-only techniques common decades ago tended to relax quickly and could produce a tight, wind-swept look. Modern approaches lift the load-bearing layer and let the skin simply follow.

Who is a combined neck and face lift usually for, and who is asked to wait

The typical candidate is someone with moderate to advanced changes across both zones: descended cheeks or jowls, plus visible bands, loose skin or a poorly defined angle under the chin. When the neck is the only concern, a neck lift alone may be enough; when jowls exist without neck changes, a lower face-lift may suffice. The combined operation is for the person whose photograph shows both.

Age is a poor selection tool on its own. Skin quality, bone structure and how the tissue behaves on examination matter more. Someone with good elasticity and modest laxity may be steered toward less invasive options, while someone with a heavier neck and separated platysma is a more classical surgical candidate regardless of birth date.

Several groups are usually asked to wait or reconsider, and these reasons are medical rather than cosmetic:

• People who smoke or use nicotine. Nicotine narrows small blood vessels, and the skin flaps created in a face-lift depend on those vessels. Mayo Clinic and the NHS both flag smoking as a factor that raises the chance of poor wound healing and skin loss.
• People with uncontrolled high blood pressure, since bleeding under the skin is the most common early complication.
• People taking medicines that affect clotting, until the prescribing clinician and surgical team have agreed a plan. Nobody should alter such a medicine on their own.
• People whose weight is changing substantially, because the redraped skin will not match a neck that later shrinks or expands.
• People with unstable medical conditions, active skin infection near the incisions, or expectations that surgery cannot meet.

Cleveland Clinic adds a subtler point: the best candidates are those pursuing surgery for themselves, in a stable period of life, with realistic ideas about a refreshed rather than transformed appearance. A good consultation spends as much time on these questions as on anatomy.

Deep plane face and neck lift, SMAS lift or skin lift: what the terms mean

Surgeons describe face-lifts by the depth at which they work, and the language can be confusing. Three terms cover most of what people will hear.

A skin-only lift separates and tightens just the skin. It is quick and has a short recovery, but skin stretches under tension, so relaxation tends to come early and the pull can look unnatural. It is rarely used alone today for significant laxity.

A SMAS lift, the most widely performed approach for several decades, lifts the skin and then tightens the SMAS layer beneath it, either by folding it with sutures (plication), by removing a strip and stitching the edges (SMASectomy), or by raising it as a separate flap. The neck is treated by extending the same tightening into the platysma and, when needed, repairing the midline through a chin incision.

A deep plane face and neck lift moves the point of separation to beneath the SMAS. Instead of lifting skin off the fibrous sheet, the surgeon lifts skin and SMAS together as a single thick flap, releasing the retaining ligaments that hold the cheek down and repositioning the whole composite upward. The same logic carries into the neck, where the platysma is released from its attachments and redraped rather than simply pulled.

Which is better? The honest answer is that high-quality comparative evidence is limited. Mayo Clinic describes both approaches as legitimate options that surgeons tailor to anatomy and experience. The deep plane approach is argued to protect skin blood supply and give a more natural cheek result; the SMAS approach has the longer track record and a wider group of surgeons trained in it. The right choice is the technique your surgeon performs routinely and can explain in relation to your specific tissue, not the one with the best marketing.

Neck lift vs facelift vs both: a side-by-side view

People often arrive at a consultation certain they need one specific operation. The table below is meant to reframe the question around what is bothering you, since that is how surgeons think about it.

Concern	Neck lift alone	Lower face-lift alone	Combined neck and face lift
Vertical neck bands	Directly addressed by platysma repair	Partly improved by pulling upward, often incompletely	Directly addressed
Loose skin under chin	Addressed	Modest change	Addressed
Jowls along jawline	Little change	Directly addressed	Directly addressed
Descended cheeks and deep folds beside the mouth	Not addressed	Addressed	Addressed
Incisions	Under chin, sometimes behind ears	Around ears into hairline	Around ears plus under chin
Operating time	Shortest	Intermediate	Longest
Risk of a visible mismatch between treated and untreated zones	Possible if jowls are present	Possible if neck is loose	Lowest

Two patterns emerge. First, a neck lift on its own is a genuine operation for a genuine group: people with a heavy or banded neck and a jawline that is still reasonably crisp. Second, a lower face-lift that ignores a loose neck tends to disappoint, because the eye reads the jaw and neck as one line. Mayo Clinic makes the same observation in reverse, noting that a face-lift will not treat the neck fully unless neck techniques are included.

Cost, downtime and personal tolerance for surgery all enter the decision, but the anatomical starting point should be the examination, not the name of a procedure seen online. A good surgeon will sometimes recommend less than the person asked for, and sometimes more.

What is the best procedure for tightening my face and neck? Non-surgical options and the evidence

The search phrase is understandable, but no single procedure is best for everyone, and the answer depends heavily on how much tissue has moved.

Energy-based skin tightening uses ultrasound or radiofrequency to heat the deeper skin and stimulate new collagen. These treatments can produce modest firming in people with mild laxity and good skin quality. What the evidence does not show is that they can reposition a descended cheek, close separated platysma bands or remove a substantial skin surplus. Heat shrinks tissue slightly; it does not lift it.

Injectable muscle relaxants, in the class of botulinum toxins, can soften platysma bands temporarily by weakening the muscle that creates them. The effect is limited to bands caused by active muscle pull and wears off over months, and it does nothing for loose skin or fat.

Fat reduction under the chin, whether by liposuction or by injectable fat-dissolving treatments, helps when fullness rather than laxity is the issue. In someone whose skin has already lost recoil, removing fat can leave the skin looser rather than tighter.

Thread lifts pass barbed sutures under the skin to hitch tissue upward. Reported results are subtle and short-lived, and the procedure carries its own risks of visible threads, dimpling and asymmetry.

Where does this leave the original question? For early changes, non-surgical options can be reasonable, and many people start there. For the combination of jowls, bands and real skin excess that prompts most searches about a combined neck and face lift, mainstream sources including Mayo Clinic are clear that surgery remains the approach able to address all three structural problems at once. The decision about which route fits your anatomy, health and preferences belongs in an unhurried conversation with a qualified surgeon, and it is entirely acceptable to choose no procedure at all.

Risks of a combined neck and face lift explained plainly

Every operation carries risk, and this one has a specific profile that is worth understanding before, not after, consent.

Hematoma, a collection of blood under the skin, is the most common complication according to both Mayo Clinic and the NHS. It usually develops within the first day, causes swelling and pain that is often one-sided, and needs prompt drainage in the operating room to protect the overlying skin. Blood pressure spikes, straining and certain medicines raise the chance.

Nerve injury is the risk people fear most. The great auricular nerve supplies feeling to the ear and can be bruised where it runs close to the surgical plane, leaving numbness that usually improves over months. The marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve controls the lower lip and lies near the jawline, exactly where jowl and neck work happens; weakness here is usually temporary, but permanent injury, though uncommon, is possible.

Skin loss at the edges of the flap, particularly behind the ears, occurs when blood supply is compromised. Smoking is the leading avoidable cause.

Other recognized risks, all listed by Mayo Clinic and the NHS, include:

• Infection at the incisions or under the skin.
• Scarring that is thicker or more visible than expected, or hair loss along hairline incisions.
• Asymmetry, contour irregularities or a pulled appearance around the ears.
• Prolonged swelling or numbness, sometimes lasting many months.
• Anesthesia-related complications, and, as with any surgery, blood clots in the legs.

None of this is an argument against surgery. It is an argument for having it performed by an appropriately qualified surgeon in a facility equipped to manage complications, and for being honest about smoking, medicines and medical history during planning. Risk reduction starts weeks before the anesthetic.

Preparing for surgery: smoking, blood pressure and medicines

Preparation is where much of the safety of this operation is decided, and it rests on three pillars.

The first is nicotine. Skin flaps raised during a face-lift survive on a thin network of small vessels, and nicotine constricts precisely those vessels while carbon monoxide from smoke reduces the oxygen the blood can deliver. Mayo Clinic advises stopping smoking well before and after surgery, and many surgical teams decline to operate on someone still using nicotine in any form, including vapes and patches. If you smoke, this is the single most useful change you can make, and your care team can point you to support.

The second is blood pressure. Because hematoma is the leading early complication, teams want blood pressure well controlled going in. If you take medicine for hypertension, the anesthesia and surgical team will tell you how to handle it around the operation. Do not stop, skip or double a dose on your own initiative.

The third is anything that affects bleeding. Anticoagulant and antiplatelet medicines, certain over-the-counter pain relievers of the anti-inflammatory class, and some supplements such as fish oil, vitamin E and several herbal products can prolong bleeding. Mayo Clinic lists these as items to discuss before surgery. The word to underline is discuss: whether a medicine is paused, continued or bridged is a decision for the prescribing clinician together with the surgical team, because stopping some of these carries its own serious risk.

Practical preparation matters too. Arrange someone to drive you home and stay the first night. Wash hair before surgery as instructed, since it will be awkward for a few days. Set up a place to sleep with the head raised. Buy soft foods, because chewing pulls on the jawline. Sunscreen and a wide hat will be part of life for months afterward.

What the first days and weeks after surgery usually look like

Recovery from a combined operation follows a fairly predictable arc, though the pace varies from person to person and no timeline is a promise.

Day of surgery and the first night: you wake with a snug dressing around the face and neck, sometimes with one or two thin drains that remove fluid from under the skin. Mayo Clinic describes this setup as standard. Discomfort is usually described as tightness and pressure more than sharp pain, and your team will explain the pain management plan they have prescribed.

Days one to three: the dressing is checked and often changed, drains are typically removed, and swelling and bruising reach their peak. The face can look startlingly different at this stage. Sleeping with the head elevated and keeping activity light helps.

Days five to ten: stitches in front of the ears are usually removed in stages, with those in the hairline and behind the ears following. Bruising begins to fade from purple through green to yellow. Many people feel presentable with makeup and a scarf toward the end of this window.

Weeks two to four: the NHS and Mayo Clinic both describe this as the period when most people return to work and social life, depending on how much swelling remains and the nature of the job. Strenuous exercise, heavy lifting and anything that raises blood pressure sharply are generally held until the surgeon clears them.

Months one to six: residual swelling settles, numbness around the ears and cheeks gradually recedes, and scars fade from pink toward skin tone. Mayo Clinic notes that it can take several months to feel fully back to normal. Sun protection on the healing skin and scars throughout this period reduces the chance of dark, prominent lines.

Patience is the underrated skill of recovery. Judging the result in the second week is like judging a house before the scaffolding comes down.

How long do the results of a face and neck lift last?

A face-lift does not stop time; it resets the starting point. That distinction shapes every honest answer about durability.

Mayo Clinic states that face-lift results are not permanent and that, in general, a face-lift can be expected to last around ten years, with continued aging of the skin and gradual re-descent of tissue over that period. The NHS uses similar language, describing results that last several years rather than forever. Two people operated on the same day will not age identically afterward.

Several factors influence how long the improvement holds:

• Technique. Repositioning the deep SMAS and platysma layer tends to hold longer than skin-only tightening, because the load is carried by fibrous tissue rather than by skin that stretches.
• Skin quality at the outset. Thin, sun-damaged skin with little elastic recoil will relax sooner than thicker, well-protected skin.
• Weight stability. Substantial weight loss after surgery can loosen the neck again; significant gain can refill it.
• Sun exposure and smoking. Both accelerate collagen breakdown, undoing the very thing the operation relies on.
• Genetics and bone structure. A strong jaw and good chin projection give the soft tissue a scaffold to drape over.

It is worth reframing what “lasting” means. The aging process resumes the day after surgery, but from a repositioned baseline. Many people find that, a decade on, they look older than they did in the first year after surgery but younger than they would have looked without it. Some choose a smaller secondary procedure later; many never do.

No surgeon can guarantee a specific number of years, and any promise of a permanent result should prompt caution. Ask instead what the surgeon typically sees in people with tissue like yours, and what the plan would be if the neck relaxes earlier than hoped.

What people often get wrong about a lower facelift and neck lift

Misconceptions about this surgery are common enough that correcting them is part of a good consultation. Here are the ones that come up most.

“A face-lift treats the whole face.” It does not. The operation addresses the cheeks, jawline and neck. The brow, upper eyelids, under-eye area and fine surface wrinkles are separate problems with separate treatments. Mayo Clinic is explicit that a face-lift will not correct superficial wrinkles, sun damage or skin color irregularities.

“Tighter is better.” Overtightened skin produces the stretched, mask-like look people fear. Modern surgery moves the deep layer and lets the skin relax into place with minimal tension. A well-done result is noticed as looking rested, not operated on.

“A neck lift is just liposuction under the chin.” Fat removal alone helps only when fullness, not laxity, is the problem. In a loose neck it can make the skin drape worse. A true neck lift repairs the platysma and redrapes skin.

“I’m too young, or too old.” Age alone decides little. Tissue quality and overall health decide more. Healthy people well into their seventies have surgery safely; people in their forties with heavy necks sometimes benefit earlier than they expected.

“Non-surgical devices can do the same thing.” They can firm mildly loose skin. They cannot lift a fallen cheek or close separated muscle bands, and no mainstream evidence suggests otherwise.

“Results are permanent.” They are not, as both Mayo Clinic and the NHS state. Aging continues from a new baseline.

“Recovery is a long weekend.” Most people need two to four weeks before returning to work and social settings, and full settling takes months.

“Any doctor can do this.” Training, qualifications and facility standards vary widely. Verifying a surgeon’s credentials and the facility’s accreditation is part of preparation, not paranoia.

Questions to ask your care team before deciding

A consultation works best as a two-way examination. You are assessing the surgeon and the plan as carefully as they are assessing your tissue. These questions tend to produce the most useful answers.

• Looking at my face and neck specifically, which of my concerns would surgery improve, and which would it leave unchanged?
• Do you recommend a neck lift, a lower face-lift or a combined neck and face lift for me, and what in my examination led you there?
• Which technique do you plan to use for the deep layer, and why is it your preferred approach for my anatomy?
• What are your qualifications and board certification, and how often do you perform this exact operation?
• Where will the surgery take place, is the facility accredited, and who will provide the anesthesia?
• What is your plan for managing a hematoma or other complication in the first 48 hours, and how do I reach you?
• How do you want me to handle my regular medicines and supplements, and will you coordinate with the clinician who prescribes them?
• What will my incisions look like, where exactly will they sit, and how do you manage the hairline?
• What does a typical recovery look like in your practice, and when would you expect me to return to work, exercise and travel?
• What would you expect this result to look like in five and ten years for someone with my skin?
• What are the alternatives, including doing nothing for now, and what would you suggest if I chose to wait?
• May I see before-and-after photographs of people with a similar starting point, including examples you consider only average?

Notice that none of these ask the surgeon to be the best or to promise a result. They ask for reasoning, and reasoning is what you are entitled to. If answers feel rushed, evasive or heavy on guarantees, a second opinion is reasonable and common. The Mayo Clinic and NHS pages on face-lifts both emphasize choosing a qualified surgeon and understanding limits and risks before consenting.

When to call your doctor after a neck and face lift

Most of the first two weeks involve expected discomfort: tightness, bruising, patchy numbness and swelling that shifts from day to day. A small set of signs is different and needs a prompt call to your surgical team, or emergency care if you cannot reach them.

Call the same day, or seek urgent care, for any of the following, which Mayo Clinic and the NHS list as warning signs:

• Sudden, increasing pain or swelling on one side of the face or neck, particularly within the first day or two. This can signal a hematoma, which needs to be treated quickly to protect the skin.
• Skin over the cheek or behind the ear turning dusky, dark or very pale, or becoming cold to the touch.
• Chest pain, shortness of breath or an irregular heartbeat.
• New difficulty breathing or swallowing, or a feeling of pressure in the throat.
• Fever, spreading redness, warmth or pus at any incision.
• Bleeding that soaks the dressing and does not slow with gentle pressure.
• Calf pain, swelling or warmth in one leg, which can indicate a blood clot.
• New weakness of the lower lip or one side of the mouth that was not present immediately after surgery.

Contact the team within a day or two, even if it feels minor, for wound edges that separate, drainage that changes color or smell, numbness that seems to worsen rather than improve after the first weeks, or a low mood that feels heavier than the ordinary dip many people experience during recovery.

It is never a nuisance to call. Surgical teams would far rather hear about a false alarm than treat a complication late. Keep the after-hours number somewhere you and the person caring for you can both find it, and confirm before you leave the facility exactly who to contact and how.

Frequently asked questions

Can a face lift and neck lift be done at the same time?

Yes, and this is the most common way the two are performed. The fibrous SMAS layer of the face continues into the platysma muscle of the neck, so surgeons routinely tighten or reposition both through the same operation, using incisions around the ears and a short one under the chin. Combining them means one anesthetic and one recovery, though the operation is longer than either alone.

Is a face and neck lift worth it?

That depends on what bothers you and what you expect. For jowls, neck bands and real skin excess, surgery is the approach able to address all three structural problems together, and results typically last several years. It will not treat fine wrinkles, sun damage or the upper face, and it carries genuine risks. People who weigh those limits honestly with a qualified surgeon are best placed to decide whether it is worth it for them.

How much does a full neck and face lift cost?

This article does not publish prices, because costs vary widely with the extent of surgery, the type of anesthesia, the facility and surgeon fees, and any additional procedures. Cosmetic surgery is generally not covered by health insurance. Ask each surgeon you consult for a written, itemized quotation that spells out what is and is not included, including follow-up visits and the management of any complications.

What is the difference between a neck lift vs facelift?

A neck lift addresses the area below the jaw: it repairs the platysma muscle, removes or reshapes fat under the chin and tightens loose neck skin. A face-lift lifts the cheeks and jawline and treats jowls, and it usually includes some neck work. The choice depends on where your changes are; someone with bands and a loose neck but a crisp jaw may need only a neck lift, while jowls call for a face-lift.

What is a deep plane face and neck lift?

It is a technique in which the surgeon lifts the skin and the SMAS layer together as one thick flap, releasing the ligaments that hold the cheek down and repositioning the whole unit, then carrying the same approach into the platysma of the neck. Supporters argue it protects skin blood supply and gives a natural cheek result. High-quality comparisons with the traditional SMAS lift are limited, and both are recognized approaches.

What is the best procedure for tightening my face and neck?

No single procedure is best for everyone. Energy-based skin tightening can firm mildly loose skin, injectable muscle relaxants can soften active neck bands temporarily, and fat reduction helps when fullness rather than laxity is the issue. When jowls, separated muscle bands and genuine skin excess are all present, surgery remains the approach that addresses all three. A qualified surgeon can match the option to your anatomy.

How long does recovery from a combined neck and face lift take?

Most people return to work and social activities about two to four weeks after surgery, according to Mayo Clinic and the NHS, with dressings and drains removed in the first days and stitches over the first one to two weeks. Bruising fades over roughly two weeks, but residual swelling, numbness around the ears and scar maturation continue to settle over several months. Strenuous exercise is usually held until the surgeon clears it.

Will a face and neck lift leave visible scars?

Every incision leaves a scar, but face-lift incisions are placed to hide in the hairline, in the natural creases in front of and behind the ear, and in the fold under the chin. Scars are usually pink and slightly raised at first and fade toward skin tone over many months. Thick or wide scarring, hairline distortion and hair loss along the incision are recognized risks, and sun protection during healing helps reduce dark lines.

What are the most serious risks of a neck and face lift?

Hematoma, a collection of blood under the skin that needs prompt drainage, is the most common early complication. Others include injury to the nerves that supply sensation to the ear or movement to the lower lip, loss of skin at the flap edges (especially in smokers), infection, asymmetry, prolonged swelling or numbness, anesthesia complications and blood clots. Most nerve problems are temporary, but permanent injury is possible.

Who should not have a combined neck and face lift?

People who smoke or use nicotine, those with uncontrolled high blood pressure, anyone taking medicines that affect clotting without a plan agreed by their prescribing clinician and surgeon, people whose weight is changing significantly, and those with unstable medical conditions or active skin infection are usually asked to wait. Unrealistic expectations are another reason surgeons may recommend against proceeding. The final decision rests with the treating team.

References

• Facelift (MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia)
• Facelift: Procedure details, recovery and risks (Cleveland Clinic)

This article is for general information only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Please consult a qualified doctor about your individual situation.