When Is Hypospadias Repair Usually Done? Why Timing in Infancy Is Weighed Against Waiting

The newborn check is nearly finished when the pediatrician pauses, angles the lamp, and says a word you have never heard: hypospadias. Your son is pink, loud and perfectly fine, and yet a specialist appointment is suddenly on the calendar. By the time you reach the car park, the question has already formed. If he needs an operation, when should it happen?

That question about hypospadias surgery age sits at the center of most first conversations with a pediatric urologist, a surgeon who treats children’s urinary and genital conditions. The answer is not a single number. It is a weighing exercise: the practical advantages of operating while a child is small against the reasons some families and clinicians choose to wait, or to hold off altogether.

This explainer walks through what the evidence actually supports, what the operation involves, what the weeks afterward tend to look like, and which decisions belong to the team caring for your child.

What is hypospadias, in plain language?

Hypospadias is a difference in how the penis formed before birth. The urethra, the tube that carries urine from the bladder, does not reach the tip. Instead its opening, called the meatus, sits somewhere along the underside. According to the CDC, roughly 1 in every 200 boys in the United States is born with it, which makes it one of the more common congenital differences a pediatrician sees.

Where the opening lands matters a great deal. Clinicians group hypospadias into three broad types. Distal hypospadias means the opening is near the head of the penis; this is the most common form and usually the least complex to repair. Midshaft hypospadias places the opening along the middle of the shaft. Proximal hypospadias, the least common, places it near the scrotum or even behind it, and typically involves more surgical planning.

Two other features often travel with it. Chordee is a downward curve of the penis, most noticeable during an erection. A hooded foreskin means the skin covers the top of the head but is missing underneath, which is frequently the visual clue that prompts the diagnosis. MedlinePlus notes that the condition is usually identified at birth on physical examination, without imaging or blood tests in most cases.

Why it happens is only partly understood. Mayo Clinic describes a mix of genetic and environmental influences during the weeks of pregnancy when the male urethra is forming, and a somewhat higher chance when a father or brother has had it. For most families there is no identifiable cause, and nothing a parent did or did not do explains it.

The question of hypospadias surgery age begins here, because the type, the presence of curvature, and the child’s overall health shape every timing conversation that follows.

Hypospadias surgery age: what is the usual window?

Most repairs happen well before a child’s second birthday. MedlinePlus places the operation most often between about 6 months and 2 years of age, and the NHS describes surgery as commonly performed within the first 18 months. Cleveland Clinic and Mayo Clinic describe a similar window, with many teams aiming for the period between 6 and 18 months.

Why not earlier? In the first few months of life, the penis is small, the tissues are delicate, and the risks of anesthesia are generally considered higher than in older infants. Waiting until around 6 months allows some growth and lets any prematurity or feeding difficulties settle first.

Why not much later? Beyond roughly 18 months, several practical advantages begin to fade. Toilet training approaches, toddlers become mobile and less tolerant of dressings and catheters, and children start forming memories of medical experiences. None of these is a hard barrier, but together they explain why clinicians tend to describe infancy as the preferred, rather than the only, time.

The window is a guide, not a rule. A child born early may be scheduled later on the calendar so that developmental age, not birth date, drives the decision. A child with proximal hypospadias may need a two-stage repair, with the operations spaced months apart, so the whole process extends past the usual range. And a child whose hypospadias is discovered late, or whose family has moved between health systems, can be treated at any age; the approach simply adapts.

The consistent message across guidance from the NHS, Mayo Clinic and MedlinePlus is that the timing decision is made jointly by the family and the pediatric urology team, based on the individual child rather than a fixed schedule.

Why do surgeons often favor repair in infancy?

Ask a pediatric urologist why they lean toward operating in the first year or so, and the reasons tend to be practical before they are medical.

Diapers do a lot of the work. After hypospadias repair, many children go home with a small soft tube, called a stent or catheter, that keeps the newly built urethra open while it heals. In an infant, that tube drains straight into a diaper, and MedlinePlus describes the common two-diaper technique in which the inner diaper collects stool while the tube passes through a hole to drain into the outer one. A toilet-trained child, by contrast, has to manage a catheter, which is harder for everyone.

Movement is limited. A 9-month-old cannot climb, straddle a bike seat or land on the surgical site the way a 3-year-old can. Mayo Clinic advises avoiding straddle toys and rough play for a period after surgery, and that instruction is far easier to follow with a baby.

Memory and body awareness are still forming. Children generally do not retain conscious memories from infancy, and genital awareness develops later in the toddler years. Operating early means the child is unlikely to recall the experience, which many families and clinicians consider a meaningful benefit.

Function matters too. The goals of repair, as MedlinePlus and Cleveland Clinic describe them, are a urine stream that comes from the tip and can be directed while standing, a straight penis, and typical sexual function later in life. Completing the repair before toilet training means the child learns to urinate standing without needing to relearn afterward.

None of these reasons proves that early repair produces better long-term results in every child. What they do show is why, when nothing argues for waiting, infancy is where most teams start the conversation.

Who is usually asked to wait, and why?

Not every child fits the usual window, and being asked to wait is not a sign that something has gone wrong. Several situations commonly shift the timing later.

Prematurity is the most frequent. A baby born several weeks early has a smaller body, lungs that are still maturing and, often, a longer list of early medical priorities. Teams typically calculate timing from the due date rather than the birth date, and may wait until weight gain and breathing are settled.

Penis size influences planning. In some children with more severe hypospadias, the surgeon may ask for a period of hormone pretreatment. This involves a short course of testosterone, a naturally occurring male hormone, given to encourage tissue growth before surgery so there is more skin and better blood supply to work with. Whether to use it, how it is given and the exact timing are decisions for the prescribing clinician, and the evidence on its long-term effect on surgical results is still debated. Its use naturally pushes surgery back by several weeks or months.

Other health conditions take precedence. A child with a heart defect, a genetic syndrome or a significant airway problem may need those addressed, or stabilized, before an elective operation under general anesthesia.

Proximal hypospadias often calls for a staged repair. In a two-stage approach, the first operation straightens the penis and lays a graft of tissue where the new urethra will be; the second, typically about 6 months later according to MedlinePlus, forms the tube itself. The whole process may finish beyond age 2, by design.

Undescended testicles, which Mayo Clinic notes occur more often alongside hypospadias, may be repaired in the same operation or scheduled separately, which can also reshape the timeline.

In each case the team is weighing a slightly later hypospadias surgery age against a safer, better-prepared child. That trade is usually worth making.

Distal hypospadias treatment: does every child need surgery at all?

Waiting is one option. Not operating is another, and it is more common than many parents expect.

Both the NHS and Cleveland Clinic note that very mild hypospadias may not require surgery. If the opening sits just short of the tip, the stream is directed forward, the penis is straight and the foreskin difference does not trouble the family, some clinicians will recommend observation rather than repair. Distal hypospadias treatment, in other words, sometimes means no treatment beyond periodic checks.

The decision hinges on function and the family’s values. Questions a urologist will consider include whether the child is likely to be able to urinate standing with a directed stream, whether there is any curvature that could affect later sexual function, and whether the meatus is narrow enough to obstruct flow. If the answers are reassuring, the potential benefits of surgery shrink while the risks of an operation, small as they are, remain.

Appearance is a legitimate consideration, but it is one that families weigh differently. Some prefer to correct even a mild difference in infancy so the child never has to think about it. Others prefer to leave a functioning penis alone and let the child weigh in later, since a repair can also be performed in adolescence or adulthood. Neither position is medically wrong, and mainstream guidance from the NHS presents surgery as an option for mild cases rather than a necessity.

What observation does not mean is neglect. A child who is not operated on should still be examined periodically so that any narrowing of the opening, spraying stream or curvature that becomes apparent with growth can be addressed if it starts to matter.

The honest summary: for the mildest distal forms, evidence and guidance support offering surgery, not insisting on it. For midshaft and proximal forms, repair is the standard recommendation.

How does hypospadias repair actually work?

The operation has three goals, and understanding them makes the steps easier to follow: straighten the penis if it curves, build a urethra that reaches the tip, and reshape the skin so the result looks and functions typically.

The child is asleep under general anesthesia for the whole procedure. Many teams also use a caudal block, a local anesthetic placed near the base of the spine to numb the pelvic area, which reduces the amount of pain medication needed afterward. MedlinePlus describes the operation as typically lasting from about one to a few hours, depending on complexity, and most children go home the same day.

Straightening comes first when chordee is present. The surgeon releases the tethering tissue on the underside and may place stitches on the upper side to correct any remaining bend. An artificial erection test, in which sterile fluid is injected to make the penis firm temporarily, confirms it is straight.

Building the urethra is the central step. For distal hypospadias, the surgeon often uses the strip of tissue already lying along the underside, rolling it into a tube and closing it over a small catheter. For longer gaps, tissue from the inner foreskin or, in staged repairs, a graft from the inside of the cheek may be used. This is why guidance from Mayo Clinic and others advises against circumcision before repair: the foreskin is potential building material.

Covering and closing follow. A layer of well-supplied tissue is often placed over the new tube to protect it, then the skin is rearranged and closed. A soft dressing goes on, and the catheter is usually left in place to drain urine while the repair heals.

Repair does not create new tissue. It rearranges what the child already has, which is one reason the surgeon’s assessment of tissue quality matters so much when setting the hypospadias surgery age.

Best age for hypospadias repair: infancy, childhood or later, compared

Families sometimes hear conflicting opinions from relatives or online forums about the best age for hypospadias repair. The table below summarizes how the main timing options compare on the factors clinicians actually weigh. It is a summary of mainstream guidance from MedlinePlus, the NHS, Mayo Clinic and Cleveland Clinic, not a ranking, and the right column for any one child depends on that child.

Factor	Infancy (about 6–18 months)	Early childhood (about 2–5 years)	Adolescence or adulthood
Catheter and dressing care	Drains into diapers; child cannot pull at it easily	Harder; child mobile and toilet-trained or training	Patient manages own care; often tolerated well
Activity restriction	Straightforward; limited mobility	Requires active supervision to avoid straddle toys	Self-directed, but work or school time affected
Memory of the experience	Very unlikely	Possible; may need preparation and play therapy	Fully remembered; informed consent by the patient
Tissue considerations	Small structures; sometimes hormone pretreatment considered	Somewhat larger; fewer size concerns	Adult tissue; erections can strain healing repairs
Anesthesia	Single short exposure; long-term effects under study	Generally low risk in healthy children	Standard adult risk profile
Typical use	Most primary repairs	Late diagnosis, deferred repair, second stage	Patient-chosen repair, revision of earlier surgery

What the table cannot show is the evidence gap. Well-designed studies comparing long-term function and satisfaction across these age groups are limited, and none of the allowed mainstream sources claims that one age produces a superior result for every child. The preference for infancy rests mostly on practical and developmental reasoning rather than on proof that outcomes differ.

That gap is why teams present timing as a shared decision. Where nothing argues against it, infancy is convenient and kind. Where a child needs more time, the later columns are entirely reasonable paths, not compromises.

Is general anesthesia safe for a baby under 3?

Few things weigh on parents more than the image of an infant under anesthesia, and it is fair to ask directly. Here is what the evidence supports, and what it does not.

General anesthesia in healthy infants, delivered by a pediatric anesthesia team, is considered low risk for a single, elective procedure. The rare serious events, such as breathing difficulties or reactions to medications, are the reason children are monitored continuously and why hospitals screen for recent colds, fevers and family history before the day.

The larger public question concerns brain development. Laboratory studies in young animals raised concerns about repeated or prolonged anesthetic exposure, and regulators in several countries added cautions about lengthy or multiple procedures in children under about 3. Human studies since then have been more reassuring: large observational studies and a randomized trial comparing general with regional anesthesia for infant hernia repair have not shown measurable differences in later development after a single, brief exposure. Research continues, and no mainstream source calls the matter closed.

For hypospadias repair, this evidence lands in a practical place. A single operation of one to a few hours falls within the type of exposure that has looked safe in human data. A staged repair means two exposures, which is one factor teams weigh when planning. Families who remain uneasy can ask whether a caudal block or other regional technique will be used to reduce the depth and quantity of general anesthetic required, which many pediatric centers do routinely.

What this does not mean is that anesthesia should push a family toward delaying a needed repair into the toddler years, when the child would still be under 3 and the practical difficulties multiply. The balance usually favors doing the operation once, well, at the planned age.

Ask your anesthesia team to walk you through their monitoring, their approach to pain control and their experience with infants. That conversation is a normal part of pre-operative care, not a sign of distrust.

Hypospadias surgery recovery: what do the first days and weeks look like?

Most families are home the same evening, holding a baby who is groggy, a little swollen, and mostly interested in feeding. Here is the typical shape of hypospadias surgery recovery, drawn from MedlinePlus, Mayo Clinic and Cleveland Clinic guidance. Individual instructions from your team override any general timeline.

The first 48 hours center on comfort and the dressing. A bulky bandage wraps the penis and may be left for several days before the team removes it, or it may fall away on its own; some centers ask parents to leave it entirely alone until a clinic visit. Swelling and bruising are expected and often look worse on day two before easing. Pain is usually managed with over-the-counter children’s pain relievers, and sometimes a short course of a medicine to relax bladder spasms; the prescribing clinician sets what is used and how.

The catheter, if present, stays in for a period MedlinePlus describes as ranging from several days to about 2 weeks. Urine drains continuously, so the double-diaper technique keeps stool away from the site. Blood-tinged urine in the first days and a small amount of leakage around the tube are common and not alarming on their own. The team will either remove the catheter in clinic or explain how it comes out at home.

Bathing usually waits until the dressing and catheter are gone, then brief tub soaks can help keep the area clean and loosen dried blood. Antibiotic ointment is often applied to the tip, again as directed.

The weeks that follow are about protection. Mayo Clinic advises avoiding straddle toys, baby bouncers that press on the perineum, and rough play for several weeks. Swelling settles gradually; the final appearance may take months to emerge as scars mature.

A follow-up visit typically occurs within the first weeks, then at intervals the team sets. For many children that includes checks around toilet training and again in adolescence.

What are the main hypospadias repair complications, and how common are they?

Every honest conversation about surgery includes what can go wrong. Hypospadias repair complications are well described, more frequent after proximal repairs than distal ones, and usually fixable.

A urethrocutaneous fistula is the complication surgeons mention first. It is a small abnormal channel from the new urethra to the skin, so urine leaks from a second spot along the underside during voiding. Fistulas can appear weeks or even months after surgery. Small ones occasionally close on their own; most require a later, shorter operation once the tissues have fully healed.

Meatal stenosis means the new opening at the tip has narrowed. Signs include a thin, forceful stream, spraying, or straining. A urethral stricture is a similar narrowing further along the tube. Both may be treated with gentle stretching or a minor procedure, depending on severity.

Dehiscence describes the repair partly coming apart, which can occur if the tissue’s blood supply is poor or infection develops. It usually leads to a repeat repair after several months of healing. Persistent or recurrent curvature, and a urethral diverticulum, a pouch that balloons out during urination, are less common and are addressed if they affect function.

MedlinePlus and Cleveland Clinic both note that complications occur more often with more severe forms and that a proportion of children require more than one operation, without attaching a universal percentage, because published rates vary widely with the type of hypospadias, the technique and the definition used. For that reason this article does not quote a single figure. What the sources agree on is the direction: distal repairs carry lower rates, proximal repairs higher, and staged approaches are chosen partly to manage that difference.

The relevance to hypospadias surgery age is indirect but real. Waiting until the tissue is adequate, and choosing a staged repair when needed, are among the tools surgeons use to keep these complications as infrequent as possible.

How do you prepare a baby, and yourself, for the operation?

Preparation begins at the newborn check, long before any surgery date. The single most useful early step is simple: do not circumcise. Mayo Clinic and the NHS both advise that the foreskin be left intact when hypospadias is suspected, because the surgeon may need it to build the new urethra or cover the repair. Newborn circumcision, whether hospital-based or religious, should be postponed until the urology team has weighed in, and families who wish to have it can usually have it done as part of the repair.

The pre-operative visit sets expectations. The surgeon examines the child, explains which type of hypospadias is present, whether curvature exists, and whether a one-stage or two-stage repair is likely. This is the appointment to ask about the anesthesia plan, the expected catheter, and who to call afterward.

Illness postpones surgery. A cold, a fever, wheezing or a recent chest infection increases anesthetic risk, and teams will reschedule rather than proceed. Keep the surgeon’s office informed in the week before the date.

Feeding instructions are specific and matter. The team will give exact times to stop solids, formula, breast milk and clear fluids before anesthesia; these differ by food type and must be followed precisely to reduce the risk of stomach contents entering the lungs during anesthesia.

At home, practical preparation helps. Stock extra diapers in two sizes for the double-diaper method, loose clothing, and a comfortable place to hold a baby who may want extra contact for a few days. If older siblings are around, arrange help for the first week so straddling and bumping are less likely.

For parents, preparation is partly emotional. Many describe the wait as harder than the day itself. Writing down questions, asking the team about what the child will look like afterward, and knowing the normal range of swelling and bleeding in advance reduces the shock when the dressing comes off.

What people often get wrong about hypospadias timing

Myths gather around any childhood operation, and hypospadias attracts a specific set. Correcting them makes the timing decision clearer.

“Something during pregnancy caused this.” Mayo Clinic describes hypospadias as arising from a combination of genetic and environmental factors during a specific window of fetal development, with no single identified cause in most children. Nothing a parent ate, did or failed to do is known to be responsible.

“It has to be fixed as soon as possible or the child will be harmed.” Hypospadias is not an emergency. The baby urinates, feeds and grows normally. The preference for repair in infancy is practical and developmental, not a medical deadline, and children repaired later do well.

“Waiting until he can consent is always the more ethical choice.” This view is sincerely held by some families and clinicians, particularly for mild forms, and the NHS presents surgery for mild hypospadias as optional. For midshaft and proximal forms, however, deferring repair means a toilet-trained child living with a downward stream and possible curvature through childhood, and a more difficult recovery when surgery does happen. The evidence does not settle this trade-off; it is a values decision made with the team.

“One operation always fixes it.” Many distal repairs are completed in a single procedure, but staged repairs are planned as two from the outset, and complications can require revision. Families should expect the possibility of more than one visit to the operating room, especially for severe forms.

“Circumcision can be done first and hypospadias sorted later.” Removing the foreskin can take away tissue the surgeon needs. Guidance is consistent: delay circumcision until the urology team has assessed the child.

“Hormone treatment beforehand is standard.” Pre-operative testosterone is used selectively, mainly for smaller tissue in more severe cases, and its long-term benefit is still debated in the research literature. It is a clinician’s decision, not a routine step.

Questions to ask your care team

A good consultation leaves parents feeling they understand the plan, not just that they were told one. These questions, gathered from what families commonly ask according to Mayo Clinic and Cleveland Clinic patient guidance, are worth bringing on paper.

• Which type of hypospadias does my son have: distal, midshaft or proximal? Is there curvature?
• Do you recommend surgery at all, or is observation a reasonable option in his case?
• What hypospadias surgery age do you suggest for him specifically, and what is driving that timing?
• Is a one-stage or two-stage repair likely? If two, how far apart are the operations usually spaced?
• Will hormone pretreatment be considered, and what does the evidence say about its benefits and drawbacks?
• What tissue will you use to build the urethra, and does that change if we have already been asked about circumcision?
• What is the anesthesia plan? Will a caudal or other regional block be used?
• Will he go home with a catheter? For how long, and who removes it?
• What will the penis look like in the first days, and what changes should worry me?
• How is pain managed, and who prescribes and adjusts anything he needs?
• What are the most common complications after this particular repair, and how would I recognize them?
• What is your plan for follow-up: in the first weeks, around toilet training, and in adolescence?
• Who do we call at night or on a weekend if something seems wrong?

Notice that several questions are about the specific child rather than about hypospadias in general. That is intentional. Averages describe populations; your son’s type, tissue and health describe him. The surgeon’s answers to the individual questions are the ones that should shape your decision.

If anything remains unclear after the visit, asking for a second appointment or a written summary is entirely reasonable. Teams that treat children expect it, and a well-informed family is easier to care for, not harder.

When to call your doctor

Most recoveries are uneventful, and a great deal of what parents see in the first week, including swelling, bruising and pink-tinged urine, is expected. Some signs, though, need a same-day call to the surgical team or, if it cannot be reached, urgent care. Mayo Clinic and MedlinePlus list the following.

Call promptly if you notice:

• No urine in the diaper for several hours, or the catheter has stopped draining, which can mean it is blocked or has come out.
• Bright red bleeding that soaks through the dressing or does not slow with gentle pressure.
• A fever, as defined by your team, in the days after surgery.
• Spreading redness, warmth, thick discharge or a foul smell from the wound, suggesting infection.
• The catheter has fallen out before the team expected it to.
• The tip or shaft turning dusky, dark or bluish, which can signal a problem with blood supply.
• Vomiting that prevents fluids from staying down, or a child who is unusually limp, hard to rouse or refusing to feed for an extended period.
• Pain that escalates despite the comfort measures your team recommended.

Later in recovery, and even months afterward, contact the urology team if urine appears from a second opening along the underside, the stream becomes thin, forceful or sprays widely, your child strains or cries to urinate, or you see a bulge along the shaft during voiding. These are the recognized signs of fistula, narrowing or diverticulum, and early review makes planning simpler.

Trust your judgment. Parents who feel that something is not right are usually correct to check, and pediatric surgical teams would rather field a call that turns out to be nothing than miss a problem that could have been addressed early. Every decision about what to do next, from adjusting care at home to bringing the child in, rests with the treating team.

Frequently asked questions

What is the best age for hypospadias repair?

Most teams aim for infancy, commonly between about 6 and 18 months, with MedlinePlus noting repairs up to around age 2. This window balances adequate tissue growth against the practical advantages of a child still in diapers and not yet toilet trained. No high-quality evidence shows one age gives better long-term results for every child, so the exact timing is a shared decision with the pediatric urology team.

Can hypospadias surgery be done in a newborn?

It is rarely done in the first weeks of life. Newborn tissues are small and delicate, and anesthetic risk is generally considered higher than in older infants. Clinicians usually wait until at least around 6 months so the child has grown, feeding is established and any prematurity has been accounted for. The condition is not an emergency, and waiting does not harm the child.

What does distal hypospadias treatment usually involve?

For distal hypospadias, the opening sits near the tip, and repair often uses the tissue already lying along the underside, rolled into a tube and covered with protective tissue and skin, usually in a single operation. In the mildest cases, where the stream is directed forward and there is no curvature, the NHS notes that surgery may not be needed and periodic observation can be an alternative.

How long does hypospadias surgery recovery take?

Most children go home the same day. A dressing stays on for several days, and a catheter, if used, remains for a period MedlinePlus describes as several days to about 2 weeks. Swelling and bruising ease over the following weeks, while straddle toys and rough play are avoided for several weeks per Mayo Clinic guidance. The final appearance can take months to settle as scars mature.

What are the most common hypospadias repair complications?

The most recognized are a fistula, a small leak of urine through a second opening along the underside, and narrowing of the new opening or tube, which causes a thin or spraying stream. Less often the repair partly separates or a pouch forms in the urethra. These occur more frequently after proximal repairs than distal ones and are usually treated with a further, often smaller, procedure.

Why should my son not be circumcised before hypospadias repair?

The foreskin is often used during the operation, either to help build the new urethra or to cover and protect the repair. Removing it beforehand can take away tissue the surgeon needs. Mayo Clinic and the NHS both advise postponing circumcision until a pediatric urologist has assessed the child; families who want circumcision can usually have it incorporated into the repair.

Is hypospadias repair a one-stage or two-stage operation?

It depends on severity. Most distal and many midshaft repairs are completed in a single operation. Proximal hypospadias, or cases with marked curvature, often call for a planned two-stage approach: the first operation straightens the penis and places graft tissue, and the second, typically about 6 months later according to MedlinePlus, forms the urethral tube. Your surgeon will explain which is likely.

Is general anesthesia safe for infants having hypospadias surgery?

For a healthy infant having a single, elective procedure with a pediatric anesthesia team, general anesthesia is considered low risk. Human studies of brief single exposures in young children have not shown measurable effects on later development, though research continues. Many centers add a caudal block, a local anesthetic near the base of the spine, to reduce the amount of general anesthetic and post-operative pain medication needed.

Will my child remember the surgery if it is done in infancy?

Almost certainly not. Children generally do not retain conscious memories from the first two years of life, and awareness of genital anatomy develops later in the toddler and preschool years. This is one of the reasons clinicians often favor repair before 18 months. Children operated on later can be prepared with age-appropriate explanation and play, and also do well.

Does hypospadias need follow-up after the repair heals?

Yes. Teams usually see the child within the first weeks, then at intervals they set, often around toilet training to check the stream and again in adolescence, when growth and erections can reveal curvature or narrowing not obvious earlier. Some complications, such as fistulas, can appear months after surgery, so parents are asked to report a second urine stream, spraying or straining at any point.

References

• MedlinePlus: Hypospadias repair
• MedlinePlus: Hypospadias
• CDC: About Hypospadias

This article is for general information only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Please consult a qualified doctor about your individual situation.