Quick answer
Uterine fibroids are noncancerous growths that develop in or on the uterus and can cause heavy menstrual bleeding, pelvic pressure, pain, or fertility-related problems, although some cause no symptoms. At Acibadem in Turkey, evaluation typically includes gynecologic examination and imaging, and treatment is tailored to the size, location, symptoms, and reproductive plans, ranging from monitoring and medication to minimally invasive…
Overview
Uterine fibroids are non-cancerous growths that develop in or around the uterus. They are also called leiomyomas or myomas. Fibroids are common during the reproductive years and can vary greatly in size, number, and location. Some are very small and cause no symptoms, while others may grow larger and affect menstrual bleeding, comfort, fertility, or pregnancy.
Fibroids are not the same as cancer, and they rarely become cancerous. Many people live with fibroids without needing treatment. However, when fibroids cause heavy bleeding, pain, pressure, or reproductive concerns, a gynecology specialist can assess the situation and discuss suitable options.
Symptoms
Symptoms depend on the size, number, and position of the fibroids. Some people have no symptoms and discover fibroids during a routine pelvic examination or imaging test.
Possible symptoms include:
- Heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding
- Bleeding between periods
- Pelvic pressure or a feeling of fullness in the lower abdomen
- Pelvic pain or cramping
- Frequent urination, especially if a fibroid presses on the bladder
- Difficulty emptying the bladder
- Constipation or pressure on the rectum
- Pain during sexual intercourse
- Lower back or leg discomfort
- Abdominal swelling or an enlarged abdomen in some cases
Fibroids may also be associated with fertility challenges or pregnancy complications, depending on their location and size. Not all fibroids affect fertility or pregnancy, so individual evaluation is important.
Causes and Risk Factors
The exact cause of uterine fibroids is not fully understood. They appear to be influenced by hormones, especially those involved in the menstrual cycle. Fibroids often develop during the reproductive years and may shrink after menopause, when hormone levels decrease.
Several factors may increase the likelihood of developing fibroids:
- Family history of fibroids
- Age, particularly during the reproductive years
- Early start of menstruation
- Higher body weight
- Certain hormonal and growth factors
- Never having been pregnant
Fibroids can grow at different rates. Some remain stable for years, some grow slowly, and others may change in size more quickly. Growth pattern alone does not determine whether treatment is needed; symptoms and overall health are also considered.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis usually begins with a discussion of symptoms, menstrual history, pregnancy plans, medical history, and any previous gynecological conditions. A pelvic examination may help the doctor detect an enlarged or irregularly shaped uterus.
Imaging tests are commonly used to confirm the presence, size, number, and location of fibroids. Ultrasound is often the first imaging method. In some cases, additional imaging may be recommended to better understand the relationship between fibroids and the uterine cavity or surrounding organs.
If abnormal bleeding is present, further tests may be considered to rule out other causes. The doctor may also check for anemia if bleeding has been heavy or prolonged. Because several conditions can cause similar symptoms, an accurate medical evaluation is important before deciding on treatment.
Treatment Options
Treatment depends on symptoms, fibroid size and location, age, general health, severity of bleeding or pain, and whether future pregnancy is desired. If fibroids are small and not causing symptoms, regular monitoring may be enough.
For people with symptoms, treatment options may include:
- Medical management to help control bleeding, pain, or hormone-related fibroid effects
- Minimally invasive procedures that aim to reduce fibroid size or reduce blood supply to fibroids
- Surgical removal of fibroids while preserving the uterus, when appropriate
- Surgery to remove the uterus in selected cases where symptoms are severe and future pregnancy is not desired
The choice of treatment is highly individual. Some approaches focus on symptom relief, while others target the fibroids directly. Certain treatments may be more suitable for people planning pregnancy, while others may not be recommended in that situation. A gynecologist can explain the benefits, limitations, and possible risks of each option based on the patient’s needs and goals.
Healthy lifestyle habits may support overall wellbeing but cannot be relied upon to remove fibroids. It is important not to delay medical assessment if symptoms are significant or worsening.
When to See a Doctor
A gynecology consultation is recommended if menstrual bleeding becomes unusually heavy, lasts longer than usual, or interferes with daily life. Medical advice is also important for pelvic pain, pressure symptoms, frequent urination, constipation, bleeding between periods, or pain during sexual intercourse.
Seek prompt medical attention if bleeding is very heavy, if dizziness or weakness occurs, or if sudden severe pelvic pain develops. People who are trying to conceive, are pregnant, or have a history of pregnancy loss should also discuss known or suspected fibroids with a specialist.
Uterine fibroids are common and often manageable. With proper evaluation, patients can understand their condition and make informed decisions about monitoring or treatment in partnership with their healthcare team.