Which Arm Lift Complications Are Common? Wound Separation, Seroma and Nerve Sensitivity

The moment usually arrives in a changing room. A woman who has lost a great deal of weight lifts her arm to try on a sleeveless dress, and the skin that once stretched over a larger frame hangs loose from the armpit to the elbow. She has done the hard part. Now she is reading about brachioplasty and, somewhere around the second paragraph, the phrase “complications” stops her.

That hesitation is a healthy one. Arm lift complications deserve more honest attention than they usually get, because the upper arm is a demanding place to operate. The skin is thin, the incision is long, the joint at either end moves constantly, and the lymph channels that drain the arm run right through the surgical field.

None of that makes the operation reckless. It does mean that the risks are specific, predictable and worth understanding before anyone signs a consent form.

What an arm lift actually involves, and why the risks follow the anatomy

An arm lift, or brachioplasty, is an operation that removes loose skin and some fat from the upper arm and tightens what remains. Surgeons describe it in plain terms: draw the excess skin together, cut away the surplus, close the edge. The reality is more delicate, and the specific arm lift complications people ask about grow directly out of that anatomy.

The incision usually runs along the inside or back of the upper arm, from near the armpit toward the elbow. For smaller amounts of loose skin the cut may be confined to the armpit fold; for more extensive laxity it can extend onto the side of the chest. Liposuction, a technique that removes fat through a thin tube, is sometimes combined with the skin removal to thin the arm before it is closed. The NHS and Mayo Clinic both describe the operation as taking a few hours under general anesthesia, with a compression garment worn afterward to support the tissues.

Three features of the arm explain most of what can go wrong. First, the skin of the inner arm is among the thinnest on the body, with little padding to protect a healing seam. Second, the incision crosses a region rich in lymphatic vessels, the tiny channels that return tissue fluid to the bloodstream; cutting them lets fluid pool. Third, the arm never truly rests. Every reach, lift and roll in bed tugs on a wound that is trying to knit.

Understanding this is not meant to alarm anyone. It is the reason experienced teams plan the incision carefully, close in layers, and ask patients to limit arm movement in the early weeks. The risks are known, and most of the precautions exist precisely because the complications are predictable.

How risky is a brachioplasty? Reading the evidence honestly

Searches for “how risky is a brachioplasty” tend to return either reassurance or alarm. The evidence sits between the two. In published surgical reviews, an arm lift carries a higher rate of minor wound problems than many other cosmetic operations, but a low rate of life-threatening events. Those two facts are both true and they are not in tension.

What counts as a complication matters here. Surgical literature usually separates minor complications, which are managed in clinic with dressings, drainage or observation, from major ones, which need a return to the operating room, admission to hospital or intravenous treatment. For brachioplasty the minor column is consistently the crowded one. Small areas where the wound edges pull apart, fluid collections, scars that widen or thicken and patches of numbness dominate reported series. The NHS lists scarring, seroma, infection, bleeding, numbness and asymmetry as the risks patients should be told about, and Mayo Clinic adds problems with stitches and changes in skin sensation.

Major complications such as deep infection, significant bleeding or a blood clot in the leg or lung are reported but uncommon. Their likelihood depends less on the arm itself and more on the whole person: body weight, smoking, diabetes, how long the operation runs and whether other procedures are done at the same time.

The honest summary is that brachioplasty is not dangerous in the sense of threatening life for a healthy, well-prepared adult, but it is demanding in the sense that a rough patch during healing is common enough to plan for rather than hope against. A surgeon who says complications are rare is describing the serious ones. A patient who reads that sentence should ask about the minor ones as well.

Wound separation: why the inner-arm incision is the most vulnerable seam

Wound separation, which clinicians call dehiscence, means the two edges of a closed incision pull apart before they have fully healed. On the upper arm it is the single most frequently reported complication, and the reasons are mechanical as much as biological.

Picture the closed incision as a zipper running down the inside of the arm. Every time the elbow bends or the shoulder lifts, the skin on either side slides in a slightly different direction. In the first two weeks the join is held mostly by stitches and a thin bridge of new tissue; its strength is a fraction of normal skin. Add the tension created by removing a large strip of skin and closing what is left tightly, and the seam is under strain from the first day.

Separation most often appears as a small gap, frequently near the elbow or the armpit where movement and moisture are greatest. A gap of a centimeter or two that is clean and pink is a nuisance rather than a crisis. It is usually managed with dressings and time, allowing the wound to fill in from the base, a process MedlinePlus describes in its guidance on caring for an open surgical wound. Larger separations, or those involving deeper layers, may need cleaning in clinic and occasionally re-closure by the surgeon.

Several factors raise the likelihood. Smoking narrows the small vessels that feed the skin edge. Poorly controlled blood sugar slows collagen formation. Early return to lifting, driving or carrying children pulls on the closure. Fluid collecting underneath can push the edges apart from below. The most effective protection is unglamorous: keep the arms low and quiet, follow the garment instructions, and report any gap early so it can be dressed properly rather than discovered late.

Seroma after arm lift: the fluid pocket explained

A seroma is a collection of clear or straw-colored fluid that gathers in the space left where tissue was removed. Ask anyone who has had an arm lift what surprised them, and a surprising number will describe a soft, squishy swelling that appeared a week or so after surgery and moved like a small water balloon under the skin.

The mechanism goes back to the lymphatics. When a surgeon lifts the skin away from the underlying tissue, thousands of tiny lymph and blood vessels are divided. The larger ones are sealed during the operation, but the smallest continue to weep fluid into the new space until the tissues stick back together. In most people the body absorbs that fluid as fast as it forms. In some, production outpaces absorption and a pocket develops. The arm is especially prone because so many lymph channels run through its inner aspect toward the armpit, and because constant movement discourages the layers from settling against each other.

Small seromas often reabsorb without any intervention over several weeks. Larger or persistent ones are usually drained in clinic with a fine needle, sometimes more than once, a procedure the NHS describes as one of the standard follow-up measures after body contouring surgery. Occasionally a drain is left in place or a firmer garment is recommended to help the layers stay in contact.

Why does it matter beyond discomfort? A seroma stretches the overlying skin, delays the tissues bonding, and can push on a fresh incision and encourage separation. Stagnant fluid is also a more hospitable place for bacteria than living tissue. That is why teams prefer to identify seromas early rather than leave a large one to sort itself out. Reporting a new, soft, shifting swelling is exactly what the follow-up appointments are for.

Nerve sensitivity and numbness: what happens to the small nerves of the arm

The third common complaint is sensory. Patients describe patches of numbness on the inner arm, odd tingling, a burning or electric feeling when the skin is touched, or hypersensitivity so pronounced that a shirt sleeve is unpleasant. Changes in skin sensation appear on both the NHS and Mayo Clinic risk lists, and for good reason.

Sensation in the skin of the upper arm is carried by fine cutaneous nerves, the small branches that run just beneath the surface rather than the large motor nerves that move the hand. Any long incision cuts some of these branches. Others are bruised or stretched when the skin is lifted and pulled tight. A cut nerve leaves a numb patch; a bruised one often produces the strange, prickly sensations of a nerve that is irritated but intact.

Most sensory change improves as the nerves recover, but the timescale is slow. Nerve fibers regrow at roughly the pace of a millimeter a day, which is why patients are often told that sensation may keep changing for many months. Some numbness along the scar itself can be permanent, because the nerve endings that served that strip of skin were removed with it.

A specific structure deserves mention. The medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve, which supplies feeling to the inner forearm, runs close to the standard incision line near the elbow and armpit. Injury to it can cause numbness or pain extending below the elbow, and surgeons take care to identify and protect it. Persistent shooting pain, a tender nodule on the scar or worsening rather than improving sensitivity should be discussed with the surgical team, since a trapped or scarred nerve ending sometimes needs specific treatment rather than simple patience.

Arm lift scars: what they look like and how they change over time

Nobody gets an arm lift without a scar, and every mainstream source on the operation says so plainly. The NHS notes that the scar is long and can be visible, and Mayo Clinic lists scarring first among the risks. The question is not whether there will be a scar but how it behaves.

A well-placed brachioplasty scar sits along the inner arm or in the groove where the biceps meets the triceps, so that it faces the body when the arm hangs at the side. Early on it is typically red, raised and firm. Over the first year most scars soften, flatten and fade toward a paler line. The arm, however, is not the friendliest territory for scar maturation. Constant tension across the closure encourages scars to widen, and the thin skin of the inner arm shows any thickening more readily than, say, the lower abdomen.

Two scar problems come up in the literature. A hypertrophic scar is one that stays raised, red and thick within the boundaries of the original incision; it often improves with time and simple measures. A keloid grows beyond the original wound and is more common in people with a family history or darker skin tones, though it is less frequent on the arm than on the chest or shoulder. Scar contracture, where a tight band forms and limits the arm reaching fully overhead, is rare but possible, especially if healing was complicated by separation or infection.

Managing expectations is the honest approach. Silicone sheets, massage and sun protection are commonly advised, and a surgeon may discuss other options if a scar misbehaves. What no one can promise is a scar that disappears. Anyone considering the operation should look at photographs of mature scars, not just early results, and decide whether that trade is acceptable.

Less common but serious: infection, bleeding and blood clots

The three headline complications are mostly nuisances. A smaller group is not, and the honest explainer has to give them space.

Surgical site infection happens when bacteria, usually from the skin itself, establish themselves in the wound. MedlinePlus describes the signs as increasing redness spreading from the incision, warmth, swelling, thick or foul-smelling drainage, fever and worsening rather than settling pain. Most infections after an arm lift are superficial and respond to wound care and a course of antibiotics chosen by the treating team. Deeper infections, or those associated with an infected seroma, may need drainage. The armpit end of the incision is the usual trouble spot because it stays warm and moist.

Bleeding is most likely in the first day or two. A hematoma is a collection of blood rather than clear fluid, and it tends to arrive fast, feel firm and tense, and cause disproportionate swelling or bruising on one side. Small ones are absorbed; larger ones are usually evacuated promptly because pooled blood stretches the skin, threatens the incision and raises infection risk.

Venous thromboembolism deserves its own sentence. A deep vein thrombosis is a clot in a deep leg vein; a pulmonary embolism is a piece of that clot lodging in the lung. MedlinePlus lists surgery, immobility, obesity, hormonal medicines, smoking and personal or family history among the risk factors. Body contouring patients often carry several. Teams reduce the risk with early walking, calf compression during and after surgery and, when the assessment warrants it, anticoagulant medicines that thin the blood; whether and how these are used is a decision for the surgical and anesthetic team. A swollen, painful calf or sudden breathlessness after surgery is an emergency, not a follow-up question.

Who an arm lift is usually for, and who is usually asked to wait

The typical candidate is an adult whose upper-arm skin has lost its elasticity, most often after major weight loss, sometimes simply with age, and who is troubled by the excess enough to accept a permanent scar. Mayo Clinic frames the operation as appropriate for people at a stable weight who do not smoke, are in reasonably good health and hold realistic expectations. Each of those phrases is doing real work.

Stable weight matters because further loss loosens the skin again and further gain stretches the repair. Many surgeons prefer a period of stability, often several months, before operating, and people who have had bariatric surgery are commonly asked to reach a plateau first. Not smoking matters because nicotine constricts the vessels that nourish the skin edge; the NHS advises stopping smoking before any cosmetic operation, and many teams will not proceed otherwise. Good general health matters because diabetes, poor nutrition after weight-loss surgery, and conditions that affect clotting or immunity all raise the complication rate.

Who is usually asked to wait or reconsider? People still actively losing weight. Those with uncontrolled blood sugar or untreated protein or vitamin deficiencies, which are common after bariatric procedures and impair healing. Anyone with a recent blood clot, or with lymphedema of the arm, since operating in a region already struggling to drain fluid compounds the problem. People who have had lymph node surgery in the armpit for breast cancer need particular caution for the same reason. And, gently, anyone hoping the scar will be invisible or that the operation will make the arms look like a different person’s.

Alternatives exist. Liposuction alone can help when skin quality is good and the problem is mainly fat. Energy-based skin tightening devices are marketed widely, but the evidence for meaningful tightening of severely loose arm skin is limited, and they cannot remove excess skin. Choosing to do nothing is also a legitimate option, and a good consultation will say so.

Arm lift complications at a glance

Seeing the risks side by side helps separate the expected from the exceptional. The table summarizes what mainstream sources such as the NHS, Mayo Clinic and MedlinePlus describe, without attaching percentages, since reported rates vary widely between surgical series and depend heavily on patient factors.

Complication	What it is	Typical timing	How it is usually handled
Wound separation	Incision edges pull apart, often near elbow or armpit	First 1–3 weeks	Dressings and time; occasionally re-closure
Seroma	Clear fluid pocket under the skin	First 1–4 weeks	Observation, needle drainage in clinic, compression
Sensory change	Numbness, tingling or hypersensitivity of inner arm	Immediate; evolves over months	Time; assessment if painful or worsening
Problem scarring	Widened, thickened or tight scar	Months to a year	Silicone, massage, sun protection; surgical review if needed
Infection	Bacterial infection of the wound	Usually days 3–14	Wound care, antibiotics chosen by team, drainage if deep
Hematoma	Collection of blood under the skin	First 24–72 hours	Prompt review; evacuation if large
Blood clot (DVT/PE)	Clot in a leg vein or lung	Days to a few weeks	Emergency assessment and treatment
Asymmetry or contour irregularity	Arms not matching, dents or fullness	Apparent as swelling settles	Time; revision surgery in selected cases

Two patterns stand out. The common problems cluster in the first month and are managed in clinic; the dangerous ones are less frequent, arrive on a similar timeline, and demand urgent attention. The practical consequence is simple: the first few weeks are when follow-up appointments matter most, and when a patient should have a direct line to the surgical team rather than relying on a general emergency service alone.

The final row is often overlooked. Perfect symmetry is not achievable in surgery on two separate limbs, and mild differences are normal. What counts as an acceptable difference is a conversation for before the operation, not after.

Arm lift recovery time: what the first days and weeks usually look like

People searching for arm lift recovery time usually want a single number. The truthful answer is a sequence of stages, each with its own risk profile.

The first two or three days are dominated by swelling, tightness and bruising. Most people go home the same day or after one night, according to the NHS description of the procedure, with the arms wrapped in dressings and a compression garment. Drains, thin tubes that carry fluid away from the surgical site, may be in place for a few days. Pain is usually managed with medicines the anesthetic and surgical team prescribe; the plan for those belongs to them. Keeping the arms slightly elevated and resting helps swelling and eases tension on the incision.

Days four to fourteen are the wound-healing window. This is when separations appear, seromas declare themselves and any infection would typically show. Light use of the hands for eating and dressing is generally fine, but lifting, pushing up from a chair with the arms and reaching overhead are discouraged. Stitches, if not dissolvable, are usually removed around this time. Both the NHS and Mayo Clinic suggest most people can return to desk work within about two weeks, though anyone whose job involves lifting will need longer.

Weeks two to six are about gradual return. Compression garments are commonly worn for several weeks, and strenuous exercise, particularly anything loading the arms, is usually held back for around six weeks, a range the NHS gives for avoiding strenuous activity after cosmetic surgery. Swelling continues to settle, and the scar begins its long transformation.

Beyond that, the changes are slower. Sensation keeps evolving for months, scars mature over a year, and the final contour is judged only once swelling has fully resolved. Recovery time is best thought of as a fortnight of rest, six weeks of caution and a year of patience.

Is brachioplasty the hardest cosmetic surgery to recover from?

The question “what is the hardest cosmetic surgery to recover from” appears constantly in search data, and the arm lift is frequently nominated. The premise deserves a gentle challenge, because “hardest” means different things to different people.

If hardest means most painful, brachioplasty is generally not at the top. Operations that cut or tighten muscle, such as an abdominoplasty with repair of the abdominal wall, or those involving bone, tend to hurt more. Arm lift discomfort is usually described as tightness and soreness rather than deep pain.

If hardest means most disruptive to daily life, the arm lift climbs the list. Having both arms restricted at once makes ordinary tasks awkward: washing hair, fastening a bra, lifting a kettle, steering a car. Many people need help at home for the first week in a way they would not after facial surgery. Patients with young children often find this the hardest part.

If hardest means most likely to have a healing hiccup, the arm lift is a genuine contender, for all the anatomical reasons already described. Small wound problems and seromas are common enough that experienced surgeons often warn patients in advance that a setback is more likely than not to be minor but is reasonably likely to happen.

If hardest means longest to see the final result, scars on the arm do take a full year to mature, and a scar that faces outward when the arm is raised is more visible in daily life than one hidden under clothing.

There is no objective ranking, and any source that offers one is guessing. What the evidence supports is a more useful statement: recovery from brachioplasty is not especially painful, but it is inconvenient, slow to finish, and prone to minor complications that need follow-up. Planning for that reality is more helpful than a league table.

What people often get wrong about arm lift complications

Several myths circulate on forums and in glossy before-and-after galleries. Correcting them is part of informed consent.

The first is that a good surgeon means no complications. Skill unquestionably lowers the risk, but the most experienced hands in the world cannot change the thinness of inner-arm skin or stop a shoulder from moving. Published series from expert centers still report wound problems and seromas. A surgeon who describes complications as impossible is either inexperienced or being less than candid.

The second is that a seroma means something went wrong. In most cases it means the body is doing what bodies do after tissue is lifted: producing fluid faster than it clears. It is a known feature of the operation to be managed, not a sign of error.

The third is that numbness will be permanent, or that it will definitely resolve. Neither absolute holds. Some sensation returns over months; some does not, especially right along the scar. Anyone who is told either extreme with certainty should ask what the evidence is.

The fourth is that the scar can be hidden. It can be positioned thoughtfully, and it fades, but a brachioplasty scar is long and it will be visible in certain positions and clothing. The NHS is explicit that scarring is a trade-off of the operation.

The fifth is that liposuction or a non-surgical device will do the same job with none of the risk. When the problem is loose skin rather than fat, no device removes skin. Evidence for meaningful tightening of severely lax arm skin from energy-based treatments is limited, and presenting them as equivalent is misleading.

The last is that recovery is over when the stitches come out. The wound is closed at that point; healing, scar maturation and sensory recovery are only beginning.

Questions to ask your care team before an arm lift

A consultation is an interview in both directions. The questions below are the ones seasoned patients wish they had asked; the answers are for the surgeon and anesthetic team to give, and the decision to proceed always rests with them and with you.

• Where exactly will my scar run, and can I see photographs of your patients’ scars at a year, not just at six weeks?
• How do you decide whether to combine liposuction with the skin removal, and does that change my risk of seroma or wound problems?
• Will I have drains, and if so, who removes them and when?
• What is your usual plan if I develop a seroma or a small area of wound separation, and how quickly can I be seen if it happens?
• How will my risk of blood clots be assessed, and what measures will be used during and after surgery?
• Given my weight history, blood sugar, nutrition and smoking status, is there anything you would want addressed before operating?
• What movement restrictions will I have, for how long, and what help will I need at home in the first week?
• When is it realistic for me to return to my specific job and my usual exercise?
• How would you assess and treat persistent nerve pain or hypersensitivity if it developed?
• What happens if the two arms heal differently, and how do you approach revision?
• Who do I contact out of hours if I notice one of the red-flag signs?

Notice that none of these questions asks for a guarantee. Good teams welcome them because they signal a patient who understands that healing is a process to be managed together. If any answer feels dismissive, or if the discussion of complications is rushed, that is useful information too. Take the list into the room and write the answers down; recall after a consultation is notoriously unreliable.

When to call your doctor after an arm lift

Most of what happens in the first weeks is expected: swelling, bruising, tightness, patchy numbness and a scar that looks angrier than anyone would like. Certain signs are different, and the surgical team would rather hear about them early than late.

Contact the team promptly, the same day, if you notice a gap opening along the incision, especially if it is widening or the deeper tissue is visible; a new soft, shifting swelling that suggests a seroma; redness spreading outward from the wound, increasing warmth, thick or foul-smelling drainage, or a fever, which MedlinePlus lists as signs of surgical wound infection; pain that is getting worse rather than better after the first few days; or a rapidly enlarging, firm, tense swelling on one arm that may indicate bleeding under the skin.

Treat the following as emergencies and seek urgent care immediately rather than waiting for a clinic appointment: sudden shortness of breath, chest pain or coughing up blood, which can signal a clot in the lung; a swollen, painful, warm calf, which can signal a deep vein thrombosis; a hand or forearm that becomes cold, pale, blue or numb, or that you cannot move normally, which may mean circulation or a major nerve is compromised; heavy bleeding that soaks through dressings; or confusion, fainting or a very fast heartbeat with fever, which can indicate severe infection.

Two quieter situations also deserve a call. Numbness or tingling that is spreading rather than shrinking after the early weeks, or shooting pain triggered by light touch along the scar, should be assessed for a nerve problem. And a scar that becomes progressively tight and limits how far you can raise the arm should be reviewed before it fixes.

When in doubt, call. The follow-up service exists for exactly these questions, and no experienced surgeon considers an early phone call a nuisance.

Frequently asked questions

How risky is a brachioplasty compared with other cosmetic surgery?

Brachioplasty carries a relatively high rate of minor complications such as wound separation, seroma and altered sensation, but a low rate of life-threatening events in healthy adults. The upper arm’s thin skin, long incision and constant movement make small healing problems more likely than after many other procedures. Serious risks like blood clots or deep infection depend more on individual factors, including weight, smoking and other health conditions, than on the operation itself.

What can go wrong with an arm lift?

The most common problems are the incision edges pulling apart, a pocket of clear fluid called a seroma, and numbness or tingling in the inner arm. Scars may widen or thicken, and the two arms may heal slightly differently. Less common but more serious risks include wound infection, bleeding under the skin, and blood clots in the leg or lung. Most minor complications are managed in clinic; serious ones need prompt assessment by the surgical team.

What is the hardest cosmetic surgery to recover from?

There is no objective ranking, and the answer depends on what “hardest” means. Arm lift recovery is usually less painful than operations involving muscle or bone, but it is unusually disruptive because both arms are restricted at once, and it has a comparatively high rate of minor wound and fluid problems. Its scars also take about a year to mature. Planning for inconvenience and follow-up is more useful than comparing procedures.

How long does it take to recover from a brachioplasty arm lift?

Most people return to desk-based work within about two weeks and are asked to avoid strenuous activity, especially lifting or pushing with the arms, for around six weeks, based on NHS and Mayo Clinic guidance. Compression garments are commonly worn for several weeks. Swelling settles over a few months, sensation keeps changing for many months, and the scar continues to fade and soften for up to a year. Individual timelines vary and are set by the surgical team.

What are the main brachioplasty risks I should discuss before surgery?

Ask about the scar’s position and how it looks at a year, the likelihood of wound separation and seroma and how the team manages them, changes in skin sensation, the plan for preventing blood clots, and how personal factors such as smoking, weight stability, blood sugar and nutrition affect your risk. It is also worth asking about asymmetry, revision policy and how to reach the team out of hours if a red-flag sign appears.

What does a seroma after arm lift feel like, and is it dangerous?

A seroma usually feels like a soft, squishy swelling under the skin that shifts when pressed, often appearing in the first one to four weeks. It is rarely dangerous in itself, but a large or persistent one can stretch the skin, delay the tissues bonding, push on the incision and become a site for infection. Small seromas often reabsorb on their own; larger ones are typically drained with a fine needle in clinic, sometimes more than once.

Will the numbness in my arm after brachioplasty go away?

Often partly, sometimes fully, and occasionally not along the scar itself. Small skin nerves are cut or bruised during the operation, and they regrow slowly, at roughly a millimeter a day, so sensation can keep changing for many months. Numbness right at the incision, where nerve endings were removed with the skin, may be permanent. Worsening pain, shooting sensations or hypersensitivity that does not improve should be assessed by the surgical team.

How visible are arm lift scars in the long term?

A brachioplasty scar is long, running along the inner or back of the upper arm, and it does not disappear. It is usually red and raised at first, then softens and fades over about a year. Because the arm skin is thin and under constant tension, scars here are more prone to widening than on some other body areas. The scar is generally hidden when the arm hangs at the side but visible when the arm is raised.

What increases the chance of wound separation after an arm lift?

Smoking, which narrows the small vessels feeding the skin edge, is one of the strongest factors. Poorly controlled blood sugar, low protein or vitamin levels after weight-loss surgery, a tight closure after removing a lot of skin, fluid collecting under the incision, and returning early to lifting or reaching all raise the risk. Keeping the arms low and quiet in the first weeks and reporting any gap early are the most practical protections.

When should I go to the emergency department after arm lift surgery?

Seek emergency care immediately for sudden shortness of breath, chest pain or coughing up blood; a swollen, painful, warm calf; a hand or forearm that turns cold, pale or blue, or that you cannot move normally; heavy bleeding through dressings; or fever with confusion, fainting or a racing heart. Spreading redness, foul drainage, a widening wound gap or a new shifting swelling should prompt a same-day call to the surgical team.

References

• MedlinePlus: Surgical wound infection – treatment
• MedlinePlus: Surgical wound care – open
• MedlinePlus: Deep Vein Thrombosis

This article is for general information only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Please consult a qualified doctor about your individual situation.