925 plain-language articles across 60 topics — symptoms explained, nutrition, lab results, medical technology and everyday wellbeing — written by Dr. Şule Eren, published daily by the group behind 45 hospitals and clinics in Türkiye, Bulgaria, Serbia, Netherlands and North Macedonia. For clinical guidance on a condition or procedure, see the Patient Guides.
Adjuvant chemotherapy is chemotherapy given after surgery has removed a cancer, with the aim of destroying microscopic cells that may have escaped and lowering…
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is chemotherapy given before surgery or radiation rather than after. Its goals are to shrink a tumor so an operation is smaller…
Chemotherapy uses drugs that kill fast-dividing cells directly, which is why it also affects hair, gut lining and blood counts. Immunotherapy instead helps the…
Chemotherapy works by damaging cells at the moment they divide. Cancer cells divide more often and repair themselves less reliably than most healthy cells,…
Immunotherapy side effects happen because the treatment releases the immune system's natural brakes, so healthy tissue can be attacked alongside cancer. Most effects are…
An oncologist is a physician who specializes in diagnosing, staging and treating cancer, then following patients afterward. Most oncologists work in one of three…
Chemotherapy side effects depend on the medicines used, the treatment schedule and the person receiving them. The most common are fatigue, nausea, hair loss,…
Radiation therapy side effects come from damage to healthy cells near the treated area, so they depend on where the beam is aimed. Fatigue…
A private neurosurgeon is a brain and spine surgeon who either works in an independent practice rather than as a hospital employee, or, in…
Life expectancy after Gamma Knife surgery is determined almost entirely by the condition being treated, not by the procedure itself. For benign problems such…
Deep brain stimulation surgery implants thin electrodes into specific movement-control regions of the brain and connects them to a small pulse generator placed under…
Gamma Knife surgery cost depends mainly on the condition being treated, whether one session or several is planned, the amount of imaging and planning…
Most brain surgery is done under general anesthesia, so the patient is asleep throughout. For a minority of operations, surgeons keep the patient awake…
The main types of spine surgery are discectomy (removing part of a herniated disc pressing on a nerve), laminectomy and related decompression procedures (creating…
Most brain operations that open the skull, known as craniotomies, take roughly three to five hours in the operating room, though the whole day,…
Spine surgery recovery time depends mostly on the procedure. After a decompression such as a diskectomy or laminectomy, most people walk within a day,…
Open brain surgery, usually called a craniotomy, is an operation in which a surgeon temporarily removes a section of skull to reach the brain…
A gamma knife procedure is a form of stereotactic radiosurgery that treats brain tumors, blood vessel malformations and some nerve disorders with about 200…
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