Preparing for a Kidney Stone Procedure: Fasting, Blood Thinners and Infection Checks

The letter arrives with a date, a time, and a line that reads “nothing to eat after midnight.” Underneath, a question about anticoagulants. Then a request for a urine sample a week before the day itself. For many people, that envelope is the moment a kidney stone stops being a painful inconvenience and becomes a scheduled event with homework attached.

Preparing for kidney stone procedure appointments is not complicated, but it is specific. Each instruction answers a real safety question: will your stomach be empty enough for anesthesia, will you bleed more than expected, and is there bacteria in your urine that could spread once a scope or shock wave disturbs the stone. Miss one and the procedure may be postponed; follow them well and the day tends to run quietly.

This explainer walks through what each step is for, what the evidence actually supports, and which decisions belong to your treating team rather than to a checklist.

What does preparing for kidney stone procedure appointments actually involve?

Preparation is best understood as three short conversations wrapped in one appointment. The first is about your stomach. If a general anesthetic or sedation is planned, the anesthesia team needs to know when you last ate and drank, because food in the stomach can be inhaled into the lungs while you are unconscious. The second is about bleeding. Medicines that slow clotting are useful for the heart or for preventing stroke, but they change how a urologist approaches a stone. The third is about infection. Urine that already contains bacteria becomes a far bigger problem once a stone is broken up or a scope is passed, so a urine test is done ahead of time.

Beyond these three, the pre-procedure visit also covers your general health: blood pressure, kidney function, allergies, previous reactions to anesthesia, and whether you have someone to take you home. The NHS guidance on preparing for an operation describes this pre-assessment as the point where staff decide you are fit for the planned procedure and tell you exactly when to stop eating and drinking.

Which steps apply to you depends on the procedure. Shock wave treatment done with light sedation needs a different level of fasting than a stone removed through a small cut in the back under general anesthesia. Rather than memorizing a universal list, the most useful thing you can do is understand the reason behind each instruction, then follow the written version your team gives you. Where this article mentions timings, they are typical ranges from mainstream sources, not substitutes for your own paperwork.

How do the main kidney stone procedures work?

Three procedures account for most planned stone treatment, and each disturbs the body in a different way, which is why their preparation differs.

Shock wave lithotripsy sends focused sound waves from outside the body to crack a stone into fragments small enough to pass in urine. Lithotripsy simply means “stone breaking.” You lie on a table, the machine is aimed using X-ray or ultrasound, and the session takes about an hour. According to MedlinePlus, it is usually done with sedation or anesthesia, most people go home the same day, and fragments pass over the following days to weeks.

Ureteroscopy approaches the stone from the inside. A ureteroscope is a thin telescope passed through the urethra and bladder into the ureter, the tube that carries urine from kidney to bladder. The surgeon sees the stone directly and either lifts it out in a tiny basket or breaks it with a laser. Because the scope passes through the urinary tract, a general anesthetic is standard. A ureteral stent, a soft hollow tube that keeps the ureter open while swelling settles, is often left in place for a short period.

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy, usually shortened to PCNL, is reserved for larger or more complex stones. The surgeon makes a small incision in the back and creates a tract directly into the kidney to remove the stone. The Mayo Clinic notes that this is done under general anesthesia with a hospital stay of one to two days.

The pattern to notice: the more invasive the route, the deeper the anesthesia and the higher the stakes around bleeding and infection. That is exactly the gradient the preparation steps follow.

Who is usually offered a procedure, and who is asked to wait?

Most stones never reach an operating room. The NHS explains that small stones often pass on their own within a few weeks with fluids and pain relief, and that procedures are reserved for stones too large to pass, stones causing a blockage, or those linked to repeated infection or unmanageable pain.

Watchful waiting is therefore the first “treatment” for many people. Being asked to wait is not a sign that nothing is happening; your team is giving a stone the chance to move while monitoring for the problems that would change the plan.

Procedures are usually considered when:

• the stone is unlikely to pass because of its size or position;
• urine flow from the kidney is blocked and kidney function is at risk;
• pain cannot be controlled at home;
• infection sits behind an obstructing stone, which can become an emergency;
• a person has only one working kidney or another reason the kidney cannot be put at risk.

Some people are offered a procedure but then asked to pause before it goes ahead. A positive urine culture is the most common reason: the infection is treated first and the procedure rebooked. A recent heart attack, stent or stroke may mean the cardiology team wants antiplatelet medicines continued, which changes the timing or the choice of procedure. Pregnancy shifts the conversation toward ultrasound-guided approaches and, often, toward a temporary stent rather than definitive treatment, because shock wave lithotripsy is avoided in pregnancy.

What matters most here is that “wait” and “not treated” are different things. The waiting period is itself a clinical decision, and if your situation changes, for example fever appears, the plan can change with it. These calls sit with the treating team, who can see the imaging and the full picture.

Which stone procedure needs which preparation? A side-by-side look

Seeing the three procedures next to each other makes the preparation logic click. The table below summarizes typical arrangements drawn from MedlinePlus, Cleveland Clinic and Mayo Clinic descriptions. Your own instructions take precedence.

Element	Shock wave lithotripsy	Ureteroscopy	Percutaneous nephrolithotomy
How the stone is reached	From outside, with focused sound waves	Through the urethra and ureter with a thin scope	Through a small incision in the back
Usual anesthesia	Sedation or general anesthesia	General anesthesia	General anesthesia
Fasting needed	Yes, as instructed	Yes, as instructed	Yes, as instructed
Blood thinner review	Essential; bleeding around the kidney is a known risk	Essential; some teams can proceed on certain agents	Essential; highest bleeding risk of the three
Urine infection check	Yes	Yes	Yes, often with additional blood tests
Typical stay	Same day	Usually same day	About one to two days
Stent commonly used	Sometimes	Often	Often, sometimes with a drainage tube

Two points stand out. Fasting applies across the board, because even “light” sedation can suppress the reflexes that protect your airway. And the urine check is never optional, however minor the procedure sounds. Shock waves and scopes both disturb the stone’s surface, where bacteria can live, so a clean urine result protects you regardless of route.

The blood thinner row varies the most. Shock wave lithotripsy delivers energy to the kidney tissue itself, and bruising there can be serious, so most teams want clotting close to normal. Ureteroscopy offers surgeons direct vision and the ability to stop small bleeds, which is why it is sometimes chosen specifically for people who cannot safely stop their medicines.

Fasting before lithotripsy and ureteroscopy: why an empty stomach matters

The fasting rule exists for one reason: aspiration. When you are unconscious or deeply sedated, the muscle that closes the top of the stomach relaxes and your cough reflex is dulled. Stomach contents can travel up and slip into the lungs, where acid and food particles cause a chemical pneumonia. It is rare, and fasting is how it is kept rare.

Modern guidance distinguishes between solids and clear fluids. The Mayo Clinic overview of general anesthesia describes a typical pattern of avoiding food for about six hours beforehand, with clear fluids such as water often allowed until a few hours before. Many services now actively encourage small sips of water up to a set cutoff, because prolonged dehydration makes people feel worse and can make veins harder to find. The exact cutoff is the number on your paperwork, not the one in a magazine.

“Clear” means you can see through it: water, black tea or coffee without milk, and clear apple juice are common examples. Milk, smoothies, soup and anything with pulp count as food. Chewing gum and hard candy are usually discouraged in the fasting window because they stimulate stomach secretions.

Fasting before lithotripsy is sometimes assumed to be unnecessary because the procedure is “non-invasive.” The energy may be delivered from outside, but the sedation is real, and MedlinePlus lists fasting as a standard instruction. Treat it as seriously as you would for ureteroscopy.

People with diabetes, those who take medicines with food, and anyone with a condition that slows stomach emptying should raise this at pre-assessment. The team can adjust timings or scheduling rather than leaving you to guess. If you accidentally eat or drink outside the window, say so. Being honest may delay your procedure by hours; staying quiet could put your lungs at risk.

Blood thinners before kidney stone surgery: what your team is weighing

Blood-thinning medicines fall into two broad classes. Anticoagulants, such as warfarin and the direct oral anticoagulants, slow the chemical cascade that forms a clot. Antiplatelet drugs, such as aspirin and clopidogrel, make the small cell fragments called platelets less sticky. MedlinePlus summarizes both groups and why people take them: atrial fibrillation, artificial heart valves, previous clots, coronary stents and strokes.

Stopping any of them raises the risk of the event they were prescribed to prevent. Continuing them raises bleeding risk during and after the procedure. That trade-off is the entire conversation, and it is one that should involve both the urology team and whoever prescribed the medicine.

The timelines differ by mechanism. Warfarin’s effect fades over several days as the body makes fresh clotting proteins, so it is typically paused further ahead and sometimes bridged with a short-acting injectable anticoagulant in people at high clot risk. Direct oral anticoagulants clear more quickly, so any pause tends to be shorter. Antiplatelet effects last for the life of the affected platelets, which is why aspirin and clopidogrel are stopped earlier when they are stopped at all. None of these decisions should be made by the person taking the medicine; this article describes mechanisms, not instructions.

Procedure choice often changes when blood thinners before kidney stone surgery cannot be safely interrupted. Shock wave lithotripsy is generally avoided on uncorrected anticoagulation because bleeding into or around the kidney is a recognized complication. Ureteroscopy with laser fragmentation, done under direct vision, is frequently the preferred route in that situation.

Bring a complete list to pre-assessment, including over-the-counter pain relievers and supplements. Fish oil, vitamin E, ginkgo and high-dose garlic are often mentioned as having mild antiplatelet effects, which is why many teams ask about them even though the evidence is less robust than for prescription agents.

Urine test before ureteroscopy: why infection checks come first

Of the three preparation pillars, the infection check is the one most likely to move your date. The logic is straightforward. Stones are rough, porous objects, and bacteria can shelter in their crevices. Break the stone, or push a scope past it, and those bacteria are released into urine that is under pressure inside the kidney. From there they can enter the bloodstream.

Sepsis is the body’s overwhelming, dangerous response to infection spreading through the blood. Urosepsis after stone procedures is uncommon but is the complication urologists worry about most, which is why a urine test before ureteroscopy, lithotripsy or PCNL is standard practice. The Cleveland Clinic lists infection among the main risks of ureteroscopy, and the pre-procedure culture is the first line of defense.

You will usually be asked for a midstream sample: start urinating, then catch the middle portion in the sterile container. The lab checks for white cells and bacteria, and if growth is found, identifies which antibiotic the organism responds to. If the culture is positive, the procedure is typically postponed until a course of the right antibiotic has been completed, even if you feel entirely well. Bacteria in urine without symptoms is common, especially in older adults and people with stents, and it still counts.

Many teams also give a single preventive antibiotic around the time of the procedure itself, whatever the culture showed. This is a separate measure from treating an established infection, and the choice of agent is a clinical decision based on local resistance patterns.

If you develop fever, chills or burning on urination between pre-assessment and the procedure date, call the department rather than waiting for the day. A fever with a blocked stone can become an emergency within hours, and the team would rather hear from you early.

What happens at the pre-assessment visit?

Pre-assessment is where preparation becomes personal. It can be a face-to-face appointment, a telephone call or a questionnaire followed by tests, depending on the complexity of your procedure. The NHS describes it as the stage where a nurse or doctor checks your general health, records your medicines and tells you what to do on the day.

Expect to be asked about:

• every medicine, inhaler, patch, supplement and herbal product you use;
• allergies, including reactions to iodine-based contrast dye used in some scans;
• previous anesthetics and any problems, such as severe nausea or difficulty waking;
• heart, lung and kidney conditions, diabetes, sleep apnea and bleeding disorders;
• whether you smoke, how much alcohol you drink and whether you might be pregnant;
• who will collect you and stay with you afterward.

Tests vary. Blood tests commonly measure kidney function and blood count; clotting tests are added for people on anticoagulants. An electrocardiogram, a tracing of the heart’s electrical activity, is routine for older adults or anyone with heart disease. Imaging may be repeated close to the date to confirm the stone has not moved or passed, which happens more often than people expect.

This is also your opportunity to ask questions, and to flag practical realities: a job with heavy lifting, caring responsibilities, or a long journey home. Teams can only plan around what they know.

Finally, pre-assessment is where fitness for the procedure is confirmed. Occasionally the visit uncovers something that needs attention first, such as very high blood pressure or an abnormal heart tracing. A postponement for this reason is frustrating, but it reflects the system working as intended: the stone is rarely the most urgent thing in the room.

Other medicines, supplements and health conditions to tell your team about

Blood thinners get the headlines, but several other medicine groups change the plan.

Diabetes medicines are the most frequently adjusted. Insulin and some tablets lower blood sugar whether or not you have eaten, so fasting without adjustment can cause hypoglycemia. One widely used class, the SGLT2 inhibitors, has been linked to a form of ketoacidosis around surgery, and many anesthesia services ask for them to be paused before the day. The prescribing clinician decides the exact approach; the point here is to make sure they know a procedure is coming.

Blood pressure and heart medicines are usually continued, often with a small sip of water on the morning itself, but certain classes may be held because they can drop blood pressure under anesthesia. Steroid tablets taken long term need to be continued and sometimes supplemented, because the body may not produce enough of its own stress hormone during surgery. Opioid pain relief for the stone itself should be declared so that anesthesia dosing can be planned safely.

Supplements matter more than people assume. Vitamin C in high amounts can increase oxalate in urine, which is relevant to stone chemistry, and some herbal products interact with anesthetic drugs. The NIH Office of Dietary Supplements fact sheets are a reliable place to read about individual products, but the practical step is simply to bring the bottles or a photo of the labels.

Conditions that change preparation include sleep apnea, which affects anesthesia monitoring; chronic kidney disease, which affects contrast use and antibiotic choice; pacemakers or implanted defibrillators, which some lithotripsy units need to know about in advance; and pregnancy or the possibility of it, since X-ray guidance and shock waves are avoided. Spinal problems or hip replacements can affect positioning on the lithotripsy table. None of these rules a procedure out; they shape how it is done.

Preparing for kidney stone procedure day: the practical walk-through

The day before, eat normally until your written cutoff. There is no evidence that a special diet improves outcomes, though a lighter evening meal makes fasting more comfortable. Drink water through the day; arriving dehydrated does not help anyone. Follow any instruction about stopping specific medicines, and if you are unsure whether something counts, phone the department rather than deciding alone.

Pack with the recovery period in mind: loose clothing, since your abdomen or back may feel tender; reading glasses and any hearing aids; your medicine list; and the contact number of the person collecting you. Leave jewelry and valuables at home. Most units ask you to remove nail polish so the oxygen sensor on your fingertip reads accurately.

On the morning, shower as normal. Shaving the area yourself is discouraged; small nicks increase infection risk, and if hair removal is needed it is done in the unit. Take only the medicines you were told to take, with a sip of water. Do not smoke on the day; the NHS notes that stopping smoking before an operation improves healing and lowers chest complications, and even a short pause helps airway reactivity under anesthesia.

Arrive at the stated time rather than hours early; the time accounts for check-in, a repeat set of observations and a final conversation with the anesthetist and surgeon. You will be asked, again, when you last ate and drank, and to confirm the procedure and side. Repetition here is a safety check, not disorganization.

If you are a woman of child-bearing age, expect a pregnancy test. If you have a cold, cough or fever on the morning, say so at check-in. A new chest infection can mean postponement, and that is the safer call.

Then there is waiting. Bring something to read.

What to expect after ureteroscopy and lithotripsy: the following days and weeks

Recovery follows the invasiveness gradient described earlier. After shock wave lithotripsy, MedlinePlus describes bruising on the back or abdomen, blood-tinged urine for a few days, and discomfort as fragments pass over the following days to weeks. You may be asked to strain your urine so fragments can be analyzed; knowing a stone’s chemistry guides prevention later.

After ureteroscopy, the Cleveland Clinic notes that most people return to normal activities within a few days. Burning on urination, urgency and pink urine are common in the first 24 to 48 hours. If a stent was placed, expect a dull flank ache, a feeling of needing to urinate often, and occasional spasms, especially at the end of urination. These symptoms are irritating rather than dangerous, and they settle once the stent is removed, usually at a short follow-up appointment. Some stents have a string left attached so they can be removed at home or in clinic without a scope.

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy involves a hospital stay of about one to two days according to the Mayo Clinic, with a tube sometimes left in the kidney for a short time and a longer period before heavy lifting.

Across all three, drink enough fluid to keep urine pale, unless you have been given a fluid limit for another condition. Pain relief is usually a simple over-the-counter plan agreed before discharge; do not add anti-inflammatory tablets on your own if you have kidney impairment or are on anticoagulants. If blood thinners were paused, the restart timing comes from your team, not from how well you feel.

A follow-up scan or X-ray a few weeks later checks whether the kidney is clear. Fragment clearance is rarely complete on day one, so the real measure of success is that later image, not the first morning’s urine.

What people often get wrong about stone procedure preparation

“Fasting means nothing at all from midnight.” That older rule has largely been replaced by separate cutoffs for food and clear fluids, as the Mayo Clinic describes. Going without water for 12 hours when your instructions allow sips until two hours before only leaves you dehydrated and headachy.

“I should stop all my medicines to be safe.” The opposite is often true. Stopping blood pressure, heart, thyroid or steroid medicines without instruction can cause real harm. Stopping an anticoagulant on your own can cause a clot. The rule is: change nothing unless the prescriber or the pre-assessment team told you to.

“Drinking a huge amount of water beforehand flushes the stone out.” Hydration matters for stone prevention, but there is no evidence that aggressive water loading in the hours before a procedure improves fragmentation or clearance, and it conflicts with fasting instructions.

“If I feel fine, there is no infection.” Bacteria in urine often cause no symptoms, particularly in older adults and anyone with a stent. The culture result, not how you feel, decides whether it is safe to proceed.

“Lithotripsy is basically an ultrasound scan.” It is delivered from outside, but it involves sedation, real energy to the kidney and a bleeding risk, which is why fasting and blood thinner review apply.

“Antibiotics before the procedure mean I can skip the urine test.” A preventive antibiotic given on the day is designed for clean urine. It is not a substitute for treating an established infection, and the test tells the team which antibiotic to choose.

“A stent means something went wrong.” Stents are routinely placed to keep the ureter open while swelling settles. They are uncomfortable, and they are also expected.

“Once the procedure is done, the stone problem is over.” Fragments can take weeks to pass, and roughly half of people who form one stone form another within a decade without prevention, which is why the follow-up conversation about fluids and diet matters.

Questions to ask your care team before the day

Good questions do two jobs: they fill gaps in your understanding and they occasionally surface something the team had not considered. Bring a written list; most people forget half of theirs once the appointment starts.

• Which procedure are you planning for my stone, and why that one rather than the others?
• Will I have sedation or a general anesthetic, and what exactly are my food and clear-fluid cutoffs?
• Which of my regular medicines should I take on the morning, and with how much water?
• I take a blood thinner. Who is coordinating the decision about pausing it, and when will I hear back?
• If my urine test comes back positive, how will I be told, and what happens to my date?
• Will I need a stent, how long is it likely to stay in, and how will it be removed?
• Should I collect urine through a strainer afterward, and what do I do with any fragments?
• What symptoms after the procedure are expected, and which ones mean I should call?
• When can I drive, return to work and lift heavy objects?
• When and how will my blood thinner be restarted, and who tells me?
• What imaging or appointment follows, and what will it check?
• Once the stone is analyzed, will someone talk to me about preventing the next one?

Two further questions are worth asking if they apply. If you have a pacemaker or an implanted defibrillator, ask whether the lithotripsy unit has a protocol for it. If you live alone or far away, ask what the plan is for the first night, since most units will not discharge someone after anesthesia without a responsible adult.

The answers you receive are specific to you and override anything written here. The Cleveland Clinic and NHS stone pages are useful background reading before the conversation, not replacements for it.

When to call your doctor: red-flag signs before and after the procedure

Most of the preparation period and the recovery that follows is uneventful. A few symptoms, however, should prompt a call the same day, and a smaller set should take you to emergency care without waiting for a callback.

Before the procedure, call the department if you develop:

• fever, chills or shaking, especially alongside flank pain, which can signal infection behind an obstructing stone;
• new burning, urgency or cloudy, foul-smelling urine;
• pain that is no longer controlled by the plan you were given;
• vomiting that stops you keeping fluids down;
• a cold, cough or chest infection in the days beforehand;
• any new medicine started by another clinician, including antibiotics or blood thinners.

After the procedure, call if you notice:

• a temperature above 38°C (100.4°F) or rigors;
• urine that stays heavily bloody rather than fading to pink, or passes clots;
• pain that increases over days instead of easing;
• inability to pass urine for several hours despite feeling the need;
• a stent string that has come out early, or a stent that appears to have moved;
• bruising or swelling at a PCNL incision that is spreading.

Seek emergency care immediately for fever with confusion, rapid breathing, a racing heart or feeling faint, since these can indicate sepsis; for severe pain with vomiting and no urine output; or for heavy bleeding with dizziness. The NHS advises urgent assessment when a high temperature accompanies kidney stone pain, because a blocked, infected kidney needs drainage rather than a wait-and-see approach.

Finally, if you are unsure whether a symptom counts, calling is the right decision. Urology units expect these calls, and a brief reassurance costs far less than a delayed diagnosis. Every judgment about what to do next rests with the team who knows your scan, your medicines and your stone.

Frequently asked questions

How long do I need to fast before lithotripsy or ureteroscopy?

Your written instructions give the exact times, and they override general advice. Mainstream anesthesia guidance describes a typical pattern of avoiding solid food for about six hours and allowing clear fluids until a few hours before. Milk, soup and juice with pulp count as food. Fasting applies to shock wave lithotripsy as well as ureteroscopy, because sedation suppresses the reflexes that protect your airway.

Should I stop blood thinners before kidney stone surgery?

Never decide this alone. Whether to pause, bridge or continue an anticoagulant or antiplatelet medicine depends on why you take it, your clot risk and which procedure is planned. The urology team and the clinician who prescribed the medicine make this decision together and will tell you the timing in writing. Stopping without instruction can cause a clot; continuing without discussion can cause bleeding.

Why do I need a urine test before ureteroscopy if I have no symptoms?

Because bacteria can live in urine without causing any symptoms, especially in older adults and people with stents. When a stone is broken up or a scope is passed, those bacteria can enter the bloodstream and cause sepsis. The pre-procedure culture identifies any infection and which antibiotic treats it, so it can be cleared before the procedure goes ahead.

What happens if my urine culture comes back positive?

The procedure is usually postponed until you have completed a course of the appropriate antibiotic, and a repeat sample may be requested. This is a safety measure rather than a setback. If you develop fever or chills while waiting, especially with flank pain, contact the department the same day, because an infection behind a blocked stone can become an emergency.

Can I take my usual morning medicines on the day of the procedure?

Many regular medicines, including most blood pressure and heart tablets, are taken as usual with a small sip of water, but some are held, notably certain diabetes medicines and blood thinners. The pre-assessment team will go through your list and tell you specifically which to take and which to skip. If a medicine is not on the list they discussed, phone before the day to check.

What is a ureteral stent and will I definitely need one?

A ureteral stent is a soft, hollow tube placed in the ureter to keep urine flowing while swelling settles after a procedure. It is often used after ureteroscopy and sometimes after lithotripsy, but not always. Stents commonly cause flank ache, urgency and some blood in the urine, and these settle once the stent is removed at a follow-up appointment. Your surgeon will explain whether one is likely for you.

What should I expect after ureteroscopy in the first few days?

Mild burning on urination, urgency and pink-tinged urine are common for a day or two, and mainstream sources describe most people returning to normal activities within a few days. If a stent was placed, flank discomfort and bladder spasms are typical until it is removed. Heavy bleeding, fever or worsening pain are not expected and should prompt a call to your team.

Do I need antibiotics before a kidney stone procedure?

Many teams give a single preventive antibiotic around the time of the procedure to reduce infection risk, and this is separate from treating an infection found on the pre-procedure urine culture. The choice of antibiotic, and whether one is given, depends on your history and local resistance patterns. It is a clinical decision for the team, not something to arrange yourself.

Can I drive myself home after shock wave lithotripsy?

No. Sedation and anesthesia affect judgment and reaction time for the rest of the day, so units require a responsible adult to take you home and, ideally, stay with you overnight. Most people are discharged the same day after lithotripsy or ureteroscopy, while percutaneous nephrolithotomy typically involves a hospital stay of about one to two days.

What are the warning signs I should never ignore after a stone procedure?

A temperature above 38°C (100.4°F), shaking chills, confusion, rapid breathing or feeling faint can signal sepsis and need emergency care. Urine that stays heavily bloody or contains clots, pain that worsens rather than eases, or being unable to pass urine for several hours should prompt a same-day call. When in doubt, contact your urology team; they expect these calls.

References

• Kidney stones: Treatment (NHS)
• Having an operation (surgery): Preparation (NHS)
• Lithotripsy (MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia)
• Ureteroscopy (Cleveland Clinic)

This article is for general information only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Please consult a qualified doctor about your individual situation.