1,881 plain-language articles across 61 topics, symptoms explained, nutrition, lab results, medical technology and everyday wellbeing, written by Dr. Şule Eren, published daily by the group behind 45 hospitals and clinics in Türkiye, Bulgaria, Serbia, Netherlands and North Macedonia. For clinical guidance on a condition or procedure, see the Patient Guides.
A nephrologist is a physician who specializes in kidney function and kidney disease. Nephrologists diagnose and manage chronic kidney disease, protein or blood in…
An MRCP (magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography) test is a non-invasive MRI scan that creates detailed pictures of the bile ducts, gallbladder, and pancreatic duct without…
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is made by four small glands in the neck and keeps blood calcium within a narrow range by drawing calcium from…
A BNP blood test measures B-type natriuretic peptide, a hormone the heart's pumping chambers release when they are stretched by pressure or fluid. In…
The most common plastic surgeries for men are gynecomastia (male breast reduction) surgery, liposuction, rhinoplasty, eyelid lifts, and neck or face lifts, with hair…
The dorsum of the foot is its top surface: the side you see when you look down, opposite the sole (the plantar side).…
The orbital bone is not a single bone but seven bones that together form the eye socket: the frontal, zygomatic, maxilla, ethmoid, sphenoid, lacrimal,…
Stenosis means abnormal narrowing of a passage in the body. In spinal stenosis, the canal housing the spinal cord and nerves narrows, most…
An elevated troponin level means heart muscle cells have released this protein into the bloodstream, but it does not always signal a heart attack.…
A high bilirubin level means the body is producing more bilirubin than the liver can process, or that processed bilirubin cannot drain through the…
The anion gap is a calculated value from a routine blood panel that reflects the balance of electrically charged particles in your blood. Most…
Pallor is an unusual lightening of the skin, inner eyelids, nail beds, or lips caused by reduced hemoglobin in the blood or reduced blood…
Otorrhea is the medical term for any fluid draining from the ear. Its color and timing help narrow the cause: yellow or green discharge…
Ecchymosis is the medical term for a flat bruise larger than about one centimeter, caused by blood leaking from small vessels under the skin.…
An oncologist is a physician who diagnoses and treats cancer. Medical oncologists use medicine-based therapies such as chemotherapy and immunotherapy, surgical oncologists perform biopsies…
Arthropathy is the umbrella term for any disease of a joint, regardless of cause. It includes degenerative wear such as osteoarthritis, autoimmune inflammation such…
Autonomic dysfunction, also called dysautonomia, happens when the nerves that regulate heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, sweating, and temperature stop working smoothly. Symptoms, …
A convulsion is the visible event: sudden, uncontrolled shaking or stiffening of the body. A seizure is the underlying cause in many cases, …
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